Attrition warfare

Animated map of the Russian campaign

The French invasion of Russia is a textbook example how elements of attrition warfare interfered with Napoleon's military logistics and won the war without a decisive battle. One of the best visual representations of the Russian attrition warfare strategies was created by Charles Joseph Minard. It shows the steady decrease of the number of soldiers of the French Grande Armée during the course of the war.

Minard's map of French casualties see also Attrition warfare against Napoleon

The Battle of Verdun resulted in over 700,000 casualties

The best-known example of attrition warfare might be on the Western Front during World War I.[9] Both military forces found themselves in static defensive positions in trenches running from Switzerland to the English Channel. For years, without any opportunity for maneuvers, the only way the commanders thought that they could defeat the enemy was to repeatedly attack head on and grind the other down.

One of the most enduring examples of attrition warfare on the Western Front is the Battle of Verdun, which took place throughout most of 1916. Erich von Falkenhayn later claimed that his tactics at Verdun were designed not to take the city but rather to destroy the French Army in its defense. Falkenhayn is described as wanting to "bleed France white"[10] and thus the attrition tactics were employed in the battle.

Soldiers on the Italian Front fought a series of battles of attrition along the Isonzo River between June 1915 and November 1917.[11]

Ukrainian soldier in a trench during the Battle of Bakhmut. Hundreds of thousands of people have been killed in the Russo-Ukrainian War since February 2022.[12]

Attritional warfare in World War I has been shown by historians such as Hew Strachan to have been used as a post hoc ergo propter hoc excuse for failed offensives. Contemporary sources disagree with Strachan's view on this. While the Christmas Memorandum is a post-war invention, the strategy of attritional warfare was the original strategy for the battle.[13]

An example in which attritional warfare was stumbled into without intent occurred during the latter part of the American Civil War, when Union general Ulysses S. Grant continually attempted to force the Army of Northern Virginia into a decisive engagement in the open, but was prevented from doing so by the quick repositioning and refortification by Robert E. Lee. Due to this, the Army of the Potomac was forced to attempt to dislodge its counterpart with direct attacks against entrenched positions on numerous occasions.

While these did not yield the breakthrough that Grant had hoped for, and the Union casualties were higher by volume as a result, the Union was able to replenish its forces more readily, and the Confederacy began taking a higher percentage of casualties compared to its overall capacity. By the time Grant finally forced Lee into an open engagement at the Battle of Appomattox Court House, the Army of Northern Virginia was unable to mount an effective counterattack against a fraction of the Union army, and subsequently surrendered.[14]

Approximately 750,000 soldiers were killed over four years during the American Civil War

• Scythian tactics during the European Scythian campaign of Darius I of 513 BC, which was in deep steppes retreat, avoiding a direct confrontation with Darius I's army, while spoiling the wells and pastures.
• The Athenians, who were weaker in land warfare during the Peloponnesian War, employed attrition warfare using their navy.[15]
• The "delaying" tactics of Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus (surnamed "Cunctator", the delayer) against Hannibal during the Second Punic War.
• Muhammad Tapar's campaign against the Nizaris of Alamut in 1109–1118
• Second Mongol invasion of Hungary in 1285 and 1286
• Fall of Tenochtitlan by Hernán Cortés in 1521
• Swedish invasion of Russia in 1708
• The American strategy during the American Revolutionary War
• The latter portion of the American Civil War, notably the siege of Vicksburg, the overland campaign, and the siege of Petersburg
• The Attrition warfare against Napoleon in the French invasion of Russia by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1812
• The latter stages of the Spanish Civil War (1938–1939)
• The Chinese strategy during the Second Sino-Japanese War
• Tonnage war in the Atlantic and Pacific during World War II
• The Air battle for Great Britain in World War II after the bombing of London
• Static battles in World War II, including Soviet urban defense during the Battle of Stalingrad
• Battle of Tabu-dong, and the final two years of the Korean War
• The Vietnam War (Body count)
  

  The Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988) killed more than 500,000 people before a UN-brokered ceasefire ended it
• The "Long War" during the Provisional IRA's armed campaign against the British Army during the Troubles.
• The Israeli–Egyptian War of Attrition from 1967 to 1970.
• The Soviet–Afghan War and later the Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)
• The later phases of the Iran–Iraq War
• The Yugoslav Wars (1991–2001): especially the Bosnian War (1992–1995), the Croatian War (1991–1992 and 1995), and the Kosovo War (1998–1999).
• The War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
• The Sri Lankan Civil War after 2005
• The 2011 Libyan civil war[16]
• Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)
• The Syrian Civil War[17] (2011–present), in particular the Battle of Aleppo.
• The fight of the Polisario Front in Western Sahara against the Moroccan Army (2020–present).
• The Tigray War between the Ethiopian government and Tigray rebels (2020–2022).[18]
• During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Russian military adopted a strategy of attrition.[19][20][21]

• Fabian strategy
• Flypaper theory (strategy)
• Ivan Bloch
• Lanchester's laws
• Loss Exchange Ratio
• Maneuver warfare
• New generation warfare

(19th century)