Bayan-Ölgii Province

Bayan-Ölgii (Mongolian: Баян-Өлгий, [ˈpajə̆ɴ ɵɮˈɟi]; Oirat: Байн-Өлгий, [ˈb̥ajə̆n ølˈɡiː]; Kazakh: Бай-Өлке / Bai-Ölke / باي-ولكە‎, [ˌb̥aj‿ɵlˈke]; lit. "Rich region") is the westernmost of the 21 aimags (provinces) of Mongolia. The country's only Muslim and Kazakh-majority aimag, it was established in August 1940. Its capital is Ölgii.

This article is about the aimag (province) in Mongolia. For other uses, see Ölgii (disambiguation).
Bayan-Ölgii Province
Баян-Өлгий аймаг
ᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠠᠨᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠢᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ
Province
Ölgii
Ölgii
Flag of Bayan-Ölgii Province
Flag
Coat of arms of Bayan-Ölgii Province
Coat of arms
Coordinates: 48°18′N 89°30′E
CountryMongolia
Established1939
CapitalÖlgii
Government
 • GovernorD. Bayirjan[1]
Area
 • Total45,704.89 km2 (17,646.76 sq mi)
Elevation
1,710 m (5,610 ft)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total108,530
 • Density2.4/km2 (6.2/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+7
Area code+976 (0)142
ISO 3166 codeMN-071
Vehicle registrationБӨ_
Websitewww.bayan-olgii.gov.mn

Geography

The aimag is located in the extreme west of the country, and shares borders with both Russia and China. The border between the two neighbouring countries is very short here, though, and ends after about 40 km at the eastern end of Kazakhstan. Within Mongolia, the neighbouring aimags are Uvs in the north east and Khovd in the south east.

Lake Tolbo

Bayan-Ölgii is the highest Mongolian aimag. For the most part it is located in the Mongolian Altay, at the transition point to the Russian Altay. About 10% of the territory is covered by forests, consisting primarily of Siberian Larch.

The Nairamdal Peak (also Friendship Peak, Chinese: Youyi Feng) of the Altai Tavan Bogd (five saints mountain) massif mountain marks the corner between the three neighbouring countries. About 2.5 km further south on the Mongolian-Chinese border, the Khüiten Peak is the highest point of Mongolia at a height of 4,374 m. The massif includes several glaciers, such as the 19 km Potanin Glacier, and is only accessible to experienced climbers with local guidance.

The Khovd River (the longest in the western Mongolian Great Lakes Depression) has its origin in this aimag. It is fed by the three lakes Khoton, Khurgan, and Dayan, and in turn feeds the lake Khar-Us in the Khovd Aimag. The Tolbo Lake is a large saline lake about 50 km south of the aimag capital. It features clear and cold water on an elevation of 2,080 m.

Population

Most inhabitants of Bayan-Ölgii are Kazakhs (93%).[2] The rest of the population is composed of Uriankhai, Dörvöd,[3] Khalkha, Tsengel Tuvans, and Khoshuud. A significant portion of the population speaks Kazakh as their mother tongue and the Mongolian language only as a second language, if at all.

After democratization, many inhabitants moved to their historical homeland, Kazakhstan, assuming they would find a better future there. The result was a noticeable loss of population in 1991-1993, when approx. 80 thousands were repatriated to Kazakhstan. A noticeable number of former immigrants have been returning, so that the population has risen again.

Bayan-Ölgii aimag population[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
1956
census		 1960
est.		 1963
census		 1969
census		 1975
est.		 1979
census		 1981
est.		 1985
est.		 1989
census		 1991
est.		 1993
est.		 1995
est.		 1998
est.		 2000
census		 2010
census		 2020
census
38,80044,60047,80058,10066,60071,40074,50082,40090,900102,81775,04382,25987,34194,09488,056108,530

Culture
Landscape in Bayan-Ölgii Province.
Further information: Islam in Mongolia

The culture of the Kazakh majority is strongly influenced by Islamic traditions. The mosque of Ölgii also houses the Islamic Center of Mongolia. It is placed at an unusual angle within the fabric of the city, because the building was oriented exactly towards Mecca. There is also a madrasah (Islamic school) at the same place.

The aimag is famous for the traditional practice of hunting with trained eagles.[11][12][13][14][15] The captive eagles work in a similar way as hunting falcons do. While eagles are used for hunting in other parts of the world, particularly Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, the practice is most common in Bayan-Ölgii, where an estimated 80 percent of the world's eagle hunters live.[16] The annual Golden Eagle Festival is held in Ölgii every October to display the skill of eagle hunters, with about 70 hunters participating per year.[17][18]

Traffic

The Ölgii Airport (ULG/ZMUL) has one runway, unpaved until 2011. It offers regular flights to Ulaanbaatar and irregular flights to Ulaangom and Mörön in Mongolia and Almaty in Kazakhstan.

A road connecting to Russia starts in Tsagaannuur.

The border with China is open only for a short time in the summer.

National parks

The Altai Tavan Bogd National Park covers 6,362 km² and is located south of the highest mountain of Mongolia. It includes the lakes Khoton, Khurgan, and Dayan. The protected area offers a home for many species of alpine animal, such as the Argali sheep, Ibex, Red deer, Beech marten, Moose, Snow cock, and Golden eagle.

The Khökh Serkhiin Nuruu Protected Area (659 km²) and the Siilkhemiin Nuruu National Park (1,428 km²) are of similar character.

The Develiin Aral Natural Reserve (103 km²) is established around Develiin Island at the confluence of the rivers Lsan Khooloi and Khovd. Since 2000 it has provided protection for various birds and animals including pheasants, boars, and beavers.

The Tsambagarav Uul National Park includes 1,115 km² of land around the glaciers near the Khovd aimag and protects the snow leopards living there, among others.

Administrative subdivisions
Sums of Bayan-Ölgii
The Sums of Bayan-Ölgii aimag
Sum Mongolian Sum
population
(1985)		 Sum
population
(1994)[19]		 Sum
population
(2005)[5]		 Sum
population
(2008)[9]		 Sum
population
(2009)[10]		 Sum
centre
population
(2009)[10]		 Area
(km²)[20]		 Density
(/km²)		 Distance
from

Ölgii
city(km)

AltaiАлтай3,4003,2373,9143,6593,8119733,163.561.20112
AltantsögtsАлтанцөгц3,3003,0383,0383,1143,0808261,786.101.7243
BayannuurБаяннуур4,8004,5075,3205,0125,0331,7842,339.502.15126
BugatБугат3,3002,7773,6043,7413,6421,1612,049.101.786
BulganБулган5,0005,1155,9015,8275,5289444,977.331.11294
BuyantБуянт2,3002,5463,0022,6832,5146531,845.671.3672
DelüünДэлүүн6,6006,7828,1837,0787,1331,6425,594.991.27158
NogoonnuurНогооннуур7,500 *6,3316,5396,5666,3752,1655,221.94 *1.22 *92
ÖlgiiӨлгий24,00021,56928,24828,49628,44828,448100.92281.890
SagsaiСагсай4,1003,7465,1855,1745,0891,3753,139.991.6227
TolboТолбо4,1003,7464,2604,0764,1361,0672,974.691.3976
TsagaannuurЦагааннуур-1,8781,5281,4521,4731,473--69
TsengelЦэнгэл6,7006,5398,3648,3058,3482,0286,463.171.2979
UlaankhusУлаанхус7,3006,8078,6728,7488,4071,4806,047.931.3946

* - Tsagaannuur including

Governors

References
  1. near, 동북아시아지역자치단체연합. "동북아시아지역자치단체연합, near". www.neargov.org. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  2. "Танилцуулга | Баян-Өлгий аймаг". Archived from the original on 2015-12-16. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
  3. "Баян-Өлгий". zasag.mn. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  4. "Mongolia Provinces". www.statoids.com. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
  5. "Statistics office of Bayan-Ölgii aimag". Archived from the original on 2007-06-23. Retrieved 2007-03-30.
  6. "МОНГОЛ УЛСЫН ҮНДЭСНИЙ СТАТИСТИКИЙН ХОРОО". www.nso.mn. Archived from the original on Jun 7, 2007. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
  7. National Economy of the Mongolian People's Republic (1921 - 1981), Ulaanbaatar 1981
  8. "None". Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  9. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-01-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. Bayan-Ölgii Aimag Statistical Office. Annual Report 2009 (prelim.) Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine (mong.)
  11. Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘Contemporary Falconry in Altai-Kazakh in Western Mongolia’The International Journal of Intangible Heritage (vol.7), pp. 103–111.
  12. Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘The Art of Horse-Riding Falconry by Altai-Kazakh Falconers’. In HERITAGE 2012 (vol.2): Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Heritage and Sustainable Development, edited by R. Amoêda, S. Lira, & C. Pinheiro, pp. 1499–1506. Porto: Green Line Institute for Sustainable Development, ISBN 978-989-95671-8-4.
  13. Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘Horse-Riding Falconry in Altai-Kazakh Nomadic Society: Anthropological Researches in Summertime Activities of Falconers and Golden Eagle’. Japanese Journal of Human and Animal Relation 32: pp. 38–47.
  14. Soma, Takuya. 2013. ‘Hunting Arts of Eagle Falconers in the Altai-Kazakhs: Contemporary Operations of Horse-Riding Falconry in Sagsai County, Western Mongolia’. Japanese Journal of Human and Animal Relation 35:　pp. 58–66.
  15. Soma, Takuya. 2013. ‘Ethnographic Study of Altaic Kazakh Falconers’, Falco: The Newsletter of the Middle East Falcon Research Group 41, pp. 10–14. 2013.
  16. "Eagle Hunters". Dec 28, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
  17. "Home Page". www.touristinfocenter.mn. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
  18. Soma, Takuya & Battulga, Sukhee. 2014. 'Altai Kazakh Falconry as Heritage Tourism: “The Golden Eagle Festival” of Western Mongolia', "The International Journal of Intangible Heritage vol. 9", edited by Alissandra Cummins, pp. 135-148. Seoul: The National Folk Museum of Korea.
  19. "Archived copy" (PDF). www.reliefweb.int. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2005. Retrieved 30 June 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. "Bayan-Ölgii Aimag Annual Statistical Report 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2023.

Further reading
  • Soma, Takuya & Battulga, Sukhee. 2014. 'Altai Kazakh Falconry as Heritage Tourism: “The Golden Eagle Festival” of Western Mongolia', "The International Journal of Intangible Heritage vol. 9", edited by Alissandra Cummins, pp. 135–148. Seoul: The National Folk Museum of Korea. 　
  • Soma, Takuya. 2014. 'Current Situation and Issues of Transhumant Animal Herding in Sagsai County, Bayan Ulgii Province, Western Mongolia', E-journal GEO 9(1): pp. 102–119.
  • Soma, Takuya. 2015. Human and Raptor Interactions in the Context of a Nomadic Society: Anthropological and Ethno-Ornithological Studies of Altaic Kazakh Falconry and its Cultural Sustainability in Western Mongolia. University of Kassel Press, Kassel (Germany) ISBN 978-3-86219-565-7.
  • 相馬拓也 2014 「モンゴル西部バヤン・ウルギー県サグサイ村における移動牧畜の現状と課題」『E-Journal GEO vol. 9 (no. 1) 』: pp. 102–189.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ölgii.
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