Kazakh language

Kazakh or Qazaq[lower-alpha 1] (pronounced [qɑzɑqˈʃɑ], [qɑˈzɑq tɪˈlɪ][3][4]) is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia by Kazakhs. It is closely related to Nogai, Kyrgyz and Karakalpak. It is the official language of Kazakhstan and a significant minority language in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang, north-western China and in the Bayan-Ölgii Province of western Mongolia. The language is also spoken by many ethnic Kazakhs throughout the former Soviet Union (some 472,000 in Russia according to the 2010 Russian Census), Germany, and Turkey.

Kazakh
Qazaq
қазақша or қазақ тілі
قازاقشا or قازاق ٴتىلى
qazaqşa or qazaq tılı
Kazakh in Cyrillic, Latin, and Arabic scripts.
Pronunciation[qɑzɑqˈʃɑ]
Kazakh pronunciation: [qɑˈzɑq tɪˈlɪ]
Native toKazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan
RegionCentral Asia
(Turkestan)
EthnicityKazakhs
Native speakers
17 million (2023)[1]
Turkic
Kazakh alphabets (Cyrillic script, Latin script, Arabic script, Kazakh Braille)
Official status
Official language in
Kazakhstan
Russia

China


Regulated byMinistry of Culture and Sports
Language codes
ISO 639-1kk
ISO 639-2kaz
ISO 639-3kaz
Glottologkaza1248
Linguasphere44-AAB-cc
The Kazakh-speaking world:
  regions where Kazakh is the language of the majority
  regions where Kazakh is the language of a significant minority

Like other Turkic languages, Kazakh is an agglutinative language and employs vowel harmony. Ethnologue recognizes three mutually intelligible dialect groups, Northeastern Kazakh, the most widely spoken variety which also serves as the basis for the standard language, Southern Kazakh and Western Kazakh. The language shares a degree of mutual intelligibility with closely related Karakalpak while its Western dialects maintain limited mutual intelligibility with Altai languages.

In October 2017, Kazakh president Nursultan Nazarbayev decreed that the writing system would change from using Cyrillic to Latin script by 2025. The proposed Latin alphabet has been revised several times and as of January 2021 is close to the inventory of the Turkish alphabet, though lacking the letters C and Ç and having four additional letters: Ä, Ñ, Q and Ū (though other letters such as Y have different values in the two languages). It is scheduled to be phased in from 2023 to 2031.

Geographic distribution

Speakers of Kazakh (mainly Kazakhs) are spread over a vast territory from the Tian Shan to the western shore of the Caspian Sea. Kazakh is the official state language of Kazakhstan, with nearly 10 million speakers (based on information from the CIA World Factbook[5] on population and proportion of Kazakh speakers).[6]

In China, nearly two million ethnic Kazakhs and Kazakh speakers reside in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang.[1]

History

The Kipchak branch of Turkic languages, which Kazakh is borne out of, was mainly solidified during the reign of the Golden Horde, whose inhabitants fully spread Islam and the closest predecessor of the Kazakh language to the Kazakh steppe. The modern Kazakh language is said to have originated in approximately 1465 AD during the formation of the Sunni Muslim Kazakh Khanate. Modern Kazakh is likely a descendant of both Chagatay Turkic as spoken by the Timurids and Kipchak Turkic as spoken in the Golden Horde.

As a language that is mostly spoken by a deeply Muslim ethnic group, Kazakh uses a high volume of loanwords from Persian and Arabic due to the frequent historical interactions between Kazakhs and Iranian ethnic groups to the south. Additionally, Persian was a lingua franca in the Kazakh Khanate, which allowed Kazakhs to mix Persian words into their own spoken and written vernacular. Meanwhile, Arabic was used by Kazakhs in mosques and mausoleums, serving as a language exclusively for religious contexts similar to how Latin served as a liturgical language in the European cultural sphere.

The Kazakhs used the Arabic script to write their language until approximately 1929. In the early 1900s, Kazakh activist Ahmed Baytursinuli reformed the Kazakh-Arabic alphabet, but his work was largely overshadowed by the Soviet presence in Central Asia. At that point, the new Soviet regime forced the Kazakhs to use a Latin script, and then a Cyrillic script in the 1940s in an effort to thoroughly Russianize them. Today, Kazakhs use the Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic scripts to write their language.

Phonology and orthography

Kazakh exhibits tongue-root vowel harmony, with some words of recent foreign origin (usually of Russian or Arabic origin) as exceptions. There is also a system of rounding harmony which resembles that of Kyrgyz, but which does not apply as strongly and is not reflected in the orthography. This system only applies to the open vowels /e/, /ɪ/, /ʏ/ and not /ɑ/, and happens in the next syllables.[7] Thus, (in Latin script) jūldyz 'star', bügın 'today', and ülken 'big' are actually pronounced as jūldūz, bügün, ülkön.

Consonants

The following chart depicts the consonant inventory of standard Kazakh;[8] many of the sounds, however, are allophones of other sounds or appear only in recent loan-words. The 18 consonant phonemes listed by Vajda are without parentheses—since these are phonemes, their listed place and manner of articulation are very general, and will vary from what is shown. (/t͡s/ rarely appears in normal speech.) Kazakh has 19 native consonant phonemes; these are the stops /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ, q/, fricatives /s, z, ɕ, ʑ, ʁ/, nasals /m, n, ŋ/, liquids /ɾ, l/, and two glides /w, j/.[9] The sounds /f, v, χ, h, t͡s, t͡ɕ/ are found only in loanwords. /ʑ/ is heard as an alveolopalatal affricate [d͡ʑ] in the Kazakh dialects of Uzbekistan and Xinjiang, China. The sounds [q] and [ʁ] may be analyzed as allophones of /k/ and /ɡ/ in words with back vowels, but exceptions occur in loanwords.

Kazakh consonant phonemes[10]
Labials Alveolar (Alveolo-)
palatal
Velar Uvular
Nasal m м/m n н/n ŋ ң/ñ
Stop voiceless p п/p t т/t k к/k q қ/q
voiced b б/b d д/d ɡ г/g
Fricative voiceless s с/s ɕ ш/ş (χ) х/h
voiced z з/z ʑ ж/j (ʁ) ғ/ğ
Approximant l л/l j й/i w у/u
Tap ɾ р/r
  • All the phonemes in the table are their pronunciation in front vowels environment. Consonants [k], [ɡ], [ɕ], [ʑ] also have back allophones [q], [ʁ], [ʃ], [ʒ] correspondingly.  
  • All nasals agree in place of articulation with the proceeding plosives.
  • Voicing distinction only exists word internally.
  • The chart does not include loan sounds such as /f/, /t͡s/, /x/ etc. that are substituted in native speech.
  • In loanwords, voiced stops syllable-finally become devoiced.[7]

Vowels

Kazakh has a system of 12 phonemic vowels, 3 of which are diphthongs. The rounding contrast and /æ/ generally only occur as phonemes in the first syllable of a word, but do occur later allophonically; see the section on harmony below for more information. Moreover, the /æ/ sound has been included artificially due to the influence of Arabic, Persian and, later, Tatar languages during the Islamic period.[11]

According to Vajda, the front/back quality of vowels is actually one of neutral versus retracted tongue root.[10]

Phonetic values are paired with the corresponding character in Kazakh's Cyrillic and current Latin alphabets.

Kazakh vowel phonemes
Front
(Advanced tongue root)
Central
(Relaxed tongue root)
Back
(Retracted tongue root)
Close ɪ̞ і/ı ʉ ү/ü ұ/ū
Diphthong je̘ е/e əj и/i ʊw у/u
Mid e э/e ə ы/y о/o
Open æ̝ ә/ä ɵ ө/ö ɑ̝ а/a
Kazakh vowels by their pronunciation
Front and central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close ɪ̞ і/ı ʏ̞ ү/ü ə ы/y ұ/ū
Open je̘ е/e / æ ә/ä ɵ ө/ö ɑ̝ а/a о/o
  • There is a severe debate over Kazakh vowel phoneme chart, but all the analysis agree on 8 vowel system with [æ] being artificially added due to Arab and Persian influence.
  • The vowel /e̞/ is often pronounced /je̞/ at the beginning of the word, with exceptional root e-. Urban Kazakh tend to palatalize all the /e̞/ caused by Russian influence.[12]

Vowel harmony

Kazakh exhibits tongue-root vowel harmony (also called soft-hard harmony), and arguably weakened rounding harmony which is implied in the first syllable of the word. All vowels after the first rounded syllable are the subject to this harmony with exception /ɑ/, and happens in the next syllables, e.g. өмір [ø̞mʏr], қосы [qɒso]. Notably urban Kazak tend to violate rounding harmony, as well as Russian borrowings being pronounced against the rules.[12]

Stress

Most words in Kazakh are stressed in the last syllable, except:[13]

  • When counting objects, numbers are stressed in the first syllable, but stressed in the last syllable in collective numbers suffixed by -eu (bıreu, altau from bır, alty):
bır, e, üş, tört, bes, alty, jetı, ...
one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, ...
  • Definite and negative pronouns are stressed in the first syllable:
bärınekımge
to everyone, to no one

Orthography

Nowadays, Kazakh is mostly written in the Cyrillic script, with an Arabic-based alphabet being used by minorities in China. Since October 26, 2017 via Presidential Decree 569 Kazakhstan will be adapting Latin by 2025.[14][15]

Cyrillic script was created to better merge the Kazakh language with other languages of the USSR, hence it has some controversial letter readings.

The letter 'У' after a consonant represents a combination of sounds і /ɪ/, ү /ʏ/, ы /ɤ̞/, ұ /o̞/ with glide /w/,[16] e.g. кіру [kɪɾɪw], су [so̞w], көру [kø̞ɾʏw], атысу [ɑtɤ̞sɤ̞w]. 'Ю' undergo the same process but with /j/ at the beginning.

The letter 'И' represents a combination of sounds i /ɪ/, ы /ɤ̞/ + glide /j/,[16] e.g. тиіс /tɪjɪs/, оқиды /ɒqɤ̞jdɤ̞/

The letter 'Я' and ofter digraph 'ЙЯ' represent two sounds /jɑ/ and /jæ/ depending on the harmony.

The letter 'Щ' represent /ʃ.ʃ/ in words of Turkic origin, e.g. ащы /ɑʃ.ʃɤ̞/

Meanwhile, letters 'В', 'Ё', 'Ф', 'Х', 'Һ', 'Ц', 'Ч', 'ъ', 'ь', 'Э' are only used in loan words, mostly Russian. They are often substituted in spoken Kazakh.

Grammar

Kazakh is generally verb-final, though various permutations on SOV (subject–object–verb) word order can be used, for example, due to topicalization.[17] Inflectional and derivational morphology, both verbal and nominal, in Kazakh, exists almost exclusively in the form of agglutinative suffixes. Kazakh is a nominative-accusative, head-final, left-branching, dependent-marking language.[18]

Nouns

Kazakh has no noun class or gender system. Nouns are declined for number (singular or plural) and one of 7 cases:

The suffix for case is placed before the suffix for number.

Declension of nouns for case[18]
Case Morpheme Possible forms keme "ship"aua "air"şelek "bucket"säbız "carrot"bas "head"tūz "salt"qan "blood"kün "day"
Nom kemeauaşeleksäbızbastūzqankün
Acc -ny-nı, -ny, -dı, -dy, -tı, -tykemeauanyşeleksäbızbastytūzdyqandykün
Gen -nyñ-nıñ, -nyñ, -dıñ, -dyñ, -tıñ, -tyñkemenıñauanyñşelektıñsäbızdıñbastyñtūzdyñqannyñkünnıñ
Dat -ga-ge, -ğa, -ke, -qakemegeauağaşelekkesäbızgebasqatūzğaqanğakünge
Loc -da-de, -da, -te, -takemedeauadaşelektesäbızdebastatūzdaqandakünde
Abl -dan-den, -dan, -ten, -tan, -nen, -nankemedenauadanşelektensäbızdenbastantūzdanqannankünnen
Inst -men-men(en), -ben(en), -pen(en)kememenauamenşelekpensäbızbenbaspentūzbenqanmenkünmen
Declension of nouns for number[11]
Morpheme Possible

Forms

bala

"child"

kirpi

"hedgehog"

qazaq

"Kazakh"

mektep

"school"

adam

"person"

gül

"flower"

z

"word"

singular bala kirpi qazaq mektep adam gül söz
plural -lar -lar,-ler,-ter,-tar,-der,-dar balalar kirpiler qazaqtar mektepter adamdar gülder sözder

Pronouns

There are eight personal pronouns in Kazakh:

Personal pronouns[18]
Singular Plural
1st person men bız
2nd person informal sen sender
formal sız sızder
3rd person ol olar

The declension of the pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns do not. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold.[18]

NumberSingularPlural
Person1st2nd3rd1st2nd3rd
FamiliarPoliteFamiliarPolite
Nominative mensensızolbızsendersızderolar
Genitive menıñsenıñsızdıñonyñbızdıñsenderdıñsızderdıñolardyñ
Dative mağansağansızgeoğanbızgesendergesızdergeolarğa
Accusative menısenısızdıonybızdısenderdısızderdıolardy
Locative mendesendesızdeondabızdesenderdesızderdeolarda
Ablative menensenensızdenodanbızdensenderdensızderdenolardan
Instrumental menımensenımensızbenonymenbızbensendermensızdermenolarmen

In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person.[18]

Morphemes indicating person[18]
PronounsCopulasPossessive endingsPast/Conditional
1st sg men-mın/-myn-(ı)m/-(y)m-(ı)m/-(y)m
2nd sg sen-sıñ/-syñ-(ı)ñ/-(y)ñ-(ı)ñ
2nd sg formal sız-sız/-syz-(ı)ñız/-(y)ñyz-(ı)ñız/-(y)ñyz
3rd sg ol--(s)ı/-(s)y
1st pl bız-mız/-myz-(ı)mız/-(y)myz-(ı)k/-(y)q
2nd pl sender-sıñder/-syñdar-laryñ/-lerıñ-(ı)ñder/-(y)ñdar
2nd pl formal sızder-sızder/-syzdar-(ı)ñız/-(y)ñyz-(ı)ñızder/-(y)ñyzdar
3rd pl olar--lary/-lerı

Adjectives

Adjectives in Kazakh are not declined for any grammatical category of the modified noun. Being a head-final language, adjectives are always placed before the noun that they modify. Kazakh has two varieties of adjectives:

  • Qualitative – used to describe properties of the noun, such as color
  • Relational – adjectives formed from words from other parts of speech[11]

Comparative

The comparative form can be created by appending the suffix -(y)raq/-(ı)rek or -tau/-teu/-dau/-dau to an adjective.

Superlative

The superlative form can be created by placing the morpheme "eñ" before the adjective.[11]

Verbs

Kazakh may express different combinations of tense, aspect and mood through the use of various verbal morphology or through a system of auxiliary verbs, many of which might better be considered light verbs. The present tense is a prime example of this; progressive tense in Kazakh is formed with one of four possible auxiliaries. These auxiliaries "otyr" (sit), "tūr" (stand), "jür" (go) and "jat" (lie), encode various shades of meaning of how the action is carried out and also interact with the lexical semantics of the root verb: telic and non-telic actions, semelfactives, durative and non-durative, punctual, etc. There are selectional restrictions on auxiliaries: motion verbs, such as бару (go) and келу (come) may not combine with "otyr". Any verb, however, can combine with "jat" (lie) to get a progressive tense meaning.[18]

Progressive aspect in the present tense[18]
KazakhAspectEnglish translation
Men jüzemınnon-progressive"I (will) swim [every day]."
Men jüzıp jatyrmynprogressive"I am swimming [right now]."
Men jüzıp otyrmynprogressive/durative"I am [sitting and] swimming." / "I have been swimming."
Men jüzıp tūrmynprogressive/punctual"I am [in the middle of] swimming [this very minute]."
Men jüzıp jürmınhabitual"I swim [frequently/regularly]"

While it is possible to think that different categories of aspect govern the choice of auxiliary, it is not so straightforward in Kazakh. Auxiliaries are internally sensitive to the lexical semantics of predicates, for example, verbs describing motion:[18]

Selectional restrictions on Kazakh auxiliaries[18]
Sentence Auxiliary Used

Suda

water-LOC

balyq

fish

jüzedı

swim-PRES-3

Suda balyq jüzedı

water-LOC fish swim-PRES-3

"Fish swim in water" (general statement)

∅ (present/future tense used)

Suda

water-LOC

balyq

fish

jüzıp

swim-CVB

jatyr

AUX.3

Suda balyq jüzıp jatyr

water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3

"The/A fish is swimming in the water"

jat- to lie, general marker for progressive aspect.

Suda

water-LOC

balyq

fish

jüzıp

swim-CVB

jür

AUX.3

Suda balyq jüzıp jür

water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3

"The fish is swimming [as it always does] in the water"

jür – "go", dynamic/habitual/iterative

Suda

water-LOC

balyq

fish

jüzıp

swim-CVB

tūr

AUX.3

Suda balyq jüzıp tūr

water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3

"The fish is swimming in the water"

tūr – "stand", progressive marker to show the swimming is punctual

*

 

Suda

water-LOC

balyq

fish

jüzıp

swim-CVB

otyr

AUX.3

* Suda balyq jüzıp otyr

{} water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3

*The fish has been swimming

Not a possible sentence of Kazakh

otyr – "sit", ungrammatical in this sentence, otyr can only be used for verbs that are stative in nature

In addition to the complexities of the progressive tense, there are many auxiliary-converb pairs that encode a range of aspectual, modal, volitional, evidential and action- modificational meanings. For example, the pattern verb + köru, with the auxiliary verb köru (see), indicates that the subject of the verb attempted or tried to do something (compare the Japanese てみる temiru construction).[18]

Annotated text with gloss

From the first stanza of "Menıñ Qazaqstanym" ("My Kazakhstan"), the national anthem of Kazakhstan:

Менің Қазақстаным Men-ıŋ Qazaqstan-ym

Алтын күн

[ɑ̝ɫ̪ˈt̪ə̃ŋ‿kʰʏ̞̃n̪

аспаны

ɑ̝s̪pɑ̝̃ˈn̪ə]

{Алтын күн} аспаны

[ɑ̝ɫ̪ˈt̪ə̃ŋ‿kʰʏ̞̃n̪ ɑ̝s̪pɑ̝̃ˈn̪ə]

Altyn

gold

kün

sun

aspan-y

sky-3.POSS

Altyn kün aspan-y

gold sun sky-3.POSS

Golden sun of the sky

Алтын

[ɑ̝ɫ̪ˈt̪ə̃n̪

дән

d̪æ̝̃n̪

даласы

d̪ɑ̝ɫ̪ɑ̝ˈs̪ə]

Алтын дән даласы

[ɑ̝ɫ̪ˈt̪ə̃n̪ d̪æ̝̃n̪ d̪ɑ̝ɫ̪ɑ̝ˈs̪ə]

Altyn

gold

dän

grain

dala-sy

steppe-3.POSS

Altyn dän dala-sy

gold grain steppe-3.POSS

Golden grain of the steppe

Ерліктің

[je̘r̪l̪ɪ̞k̚ˈt̪ɪ̞̃ŋ̟

дастаны

d̪ɑ̝s̪t̪ɑ̝̃ˈn̪ə]

Ерліктің дастаны

[je̘r̪l̪ɪ̞k̚ˈt̪ɪ̞̃ŋ̟ d̪ɑ̝s̪t̪ɑ̝̃ˈn̪ə]

Erlık-tıñ

courage legend-GEN

dastan-y

epic-3.POSS-NOM

Erlık-tıñ dastan-y

{courage legend-GEN} epic-3.POSS-NOM

The legend of courage

Еліме

[je̘l̪ɪ̞̃ˈmʲe̘

қарашы!

qʰɑ̝r̪ɑ̝ˈʃə]

Еліме қарашы!

[je̘l̪ɪ̞̃ˈmʲe̘ qʰɑ̝r̪ɑ̝ˈʃə]

El-ım-e

country-1SG.ACC

qara-şy

look-IMP

El-ım-e qara-şy

country-1SG.ACC look-IMP

Look at my country!

Ежелден

[je̘ʒʲe̘l̪ʲˈd̪ʲẽ̘n̪

ер

je̘r̪

деген

d̪ʲe̘ˈɡʲẽ̘n̪]

Ежелден ер деген

[je̘ʒʲe̘l̪ʲˈd̪ʲẽ̘n̪ je̘r̪ d̪ʲe̘ˈɡʲẽ̘n̪]

Ejel-den

antiquity-ABL

er

hero

de-gen

say-PTCP.PST

Ejel-den er de-gen

antiquity-ABL hero say-PTCP.PST

Called heroes since ancient times

Даңқымыз

[d̪ɑ̝̃ɴqə̃ˈməz̪

шықты

ʃəqˈt̪ə

ғой

ʁo̞j]

Даңқымыз шықты ғой

[d̪ɑ̝̃ɴqə̃ˈməz̪ ʃəqˈt̪ə ʁo̞j]

Dañq-ymyz

glory-1PL.POSS.NOM

şyq-ty

emerge-PST.3

ğoi

EMPH

Dañq-ymyz şyq-ty ğoi

glory-1PL.POSS.NOM emerge-PST.3 EMPH

Our glory emerged!

Намысын

[n̪ɑ̝̃məˈsə̃m

бермеген

bʲe̘r̪mʲe̘ˈɡʲẽ̘n̪]

Намысын бермеген

[n̪ɑ̝̃məˈsə̃m bʲe̘r̪mʲe̘ˈɡʲẽ̘n̪]

Namys-yn

honor-3.POSS-ACC

ber-me-gen

give-NEG-PTCP.PST

Namys-yn ber-me-gen

honor-3.POSS-ACC give-NEG-PTCP.PST

They did not give up their honor

Қазағым

[qʰɑ̝z̪ɑ̝ˈʁə̃m

мықты

məqˈtə

ғой

ʁo̞j]

Қазағым мықты ғой

[qʰɑ̝z̪ɑ̝ˈʁə̃m məqˈtə ʁo̞j]

Qazağ-ym

Kazakh-1SG.POSS

myqty

strong

ğoi

EMPH

Qazağ-ym myqty ğoi

Kazakh-1SG.POSS strong EMPH

My Kazakhs are mighty!

Менің

[mʲẽ̘ˈn̪ɪ̞̃ŋ̟

елім,

je̘ˈl̪ɪ̞̃m ǀ

менің

mʲẽ̘ˈn̪ɪ̞̃ŋ̟

елім

je̘ˈl̪ɪ̞̃m]

Менің елім, менің елім

[mʲẽ̘ˈn̪ɪ̞̃ŋ̟ {je̘ˈl̪ɪ̞̃m ǀ} mʲẽ̘ˈn̪ɪ̞̃ŋ̟ je̘ˈl̪ɪ̞̃m]

Men-ıñ

1SG.GEN

el-ım,

country-1SG.NOM

menıñ

1SG.GEN

el-ım

country-1SG.NOM

Men-ıñ el-ım, menıñ el-ım

1SG.GEN country-1SG.NOM 1SG.GEN country-1SG.NOM

My country, my country

Гүлің

[ɡʏ̞ˈl̪ʏ̞̃m

болып,

bo̞ˈɫ̪ʊp ǀ

егілемін

je̘ɣɪ̞l̪ʲẽ̘ˈmɪ̞̃n̪]

Гүлің {болып,} егілемін

[ɡʏ̞ˈl̪ʏ̞̃m {bo̞ˈɫ̪ʊp ǀ} je̘ɣɪ̞l̪ʲẽ̘ˈmɪ̞̃n̪]

Gül-üñ

flower-2SG.NOM

bol-up,

be-CVB,

eg-ıl-e-mın

root-PASS-PRES-1SG

Gül-üñ bol-up, eg-ıl-e-mın

flower-2SG.NOM be-CVB, root-PASS-PRES-1SG

As your flower, I am rooted in you

Жырың

[ʒəˈr̪ə̃m

болып

bo̞ˈɫ̪ʊp̚

төгілемін,

t̪ʰɵɣʏ̞ˈl̪ʲẽ̘ˈmɪ̞̃n̪ ǀ

елім

je̘ˈl̪ɪ̞̃m]

Жырың болып төгілемін, елім

[ʒəˈr̪ə̃m bo̞ˈɫ̪ʊp̚ {t̪ʰɵɣʏ̞ˈl̪ʲẽ̘ˈmɪ̞̃n̪ ǀ} je̘ˈl̪ɪ̞̃m]

Jyr-yñ

song-2SG.NOM

bol-up,

be-CVB,

tög-ül-e-mın,

sing-PASS-PRES-1SG,

el-ım

country-1SG.POSS.NOM

Jyr-yñ bol-up, tög-ül-e-mın, el-ım

song-2SG.NOM be-CVB, sing-PASS-PRES-1SG, country-1SG.POSS.NOM

As your song, I shall be sung abound

Туған

[t̪ʰuˈʁɑ̝̃n̪

жерім

d͡ʑʲe̘ˈr̪ɪ̞̃m

менің

mʲẽ̘ˈn̪ɪ̞̃ŋ̟

ǀ

Қазақстаным

qʰɑ̝z̪ɑ̝qs̪t̪ɑ̝̃ˈn̪ə̃m]

Туған жерім менің – Қазақстаным

[t̪ʰuˈʁɑ̝̃n̪ d͡ʑʲe̘ˈr̪ɪ̞̃m mʲẽ̘ˈn̪ɪ̞̃ŋ̟ ǀ qʰɑ̝z̪ɑ̝qs̪t̪ɑ̝̃ˈn̪ə̃m]

Tu-ğan

birth-PTCP-PST

jer-ım

place-1SG.POSS.NOM

menıñ

1SG.GEN

Qazaqstan-ym

Kazakhstan-1SG.POSS.NOM

Tu-ğan jer-ım menıñ – Qazaqstan-ym

birth-PTCP-PST place-1SG.POSS.NOM 1SG.GEN – Kazakhstan-1SG.POSS.NOM

My native land – My Kazakhstan

See also

Notes

References

  1. Kazakh at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) closed access
  2. "Статья 4. Правовое положение языков | ГАРАНТ".
  3. "Произношение букв – kazaktili.kz" (in Russian). kazaktili.kz. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  4. "Kazakh (Қазақ тілі / Qazaq tili / قازاق ٴتىلى) – Omniglot". Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  5. "Central Asia: Kazakhstan". The 2017 World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 26 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  6. "TITUS Didactica: Language Map: Turkic languages: Map frame". titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  7. "Произношение букв | kaz-tili.kz". kaz-tili.kz. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  8. Some variations occur in the different regions where Kazakh is spoken, including outside Kazakhstan; e. g. ж / ج (where a Perso-Arabic script similar to the current Uyghur alphabet is used) is read [ʑ] in standard Kazakh, but [d͡ʑ] in some places.
  9. Öner, Özçelik. Kazakh phonology (PDF) (Thesis). Cambridge University.
  10. Vajda, Edward (1994), "Kazakh phonology", in Kaplan, E.; Whisenhunt, D. (eds.), Essays presented in honor of Henry Schwarz, Washington: Western Washington, pp. 603–650
  11. Wagner, John Doyle; Dotton, Zura. A Grammar of Kazakh (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2023.
  12. Muhamedowa, Raihan (24 September 2016). Kazakh: A Comprehensive Grammar (1st ed.). London New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-82863-6.
  13. "Ударение". Казахский ясык. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  14. О переводе алфавита казахского языка с кириллицы на латинскую графику [On the change of the alphabet of the Kazakh language from the Cyrillic to the Latin script] (in Russian). President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 26 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  15. Illmer, Andreas; Daniyarov, Elbek; Rakhimov, Azim (31 October 2017). "Kazakhstan to Qazaqstan: Why would a country switch its alphabet?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  16. "Произношение букв | kaz-tili.kz". kaz-tili.kz. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  17. "Центр". www.beltranslations.com (in Russian). Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  18. Mukhamedova, Raikhangul (2015). Kazakh: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge. ISBN 9781317573081.

Further reading

  • Kara, Dävid Somfai (2002), Kazak, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783895864704
  • Mark Kirchner: "Kazakh and Karakalpak". In: The Turkic languages. Ed. by Lars Johanson and É. Á. Csató. London [u.a.] : Routledge, 1998. (Routledge language family descriptions). S.318-332.
  • McCollum, Adam G. and Chen, Si (2021). "Kazakh". Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 51 (2): 276–298. doi:10.1017/S0025100319000185{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link), with supplementary sound recordings.
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