Voiced velar nasal

The voiced velar nasal, also known as agma, from the Greek word for 'fragment', is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is the sound of ng in English sing as well as n before velar consonants as in English and ink. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ŋ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is N. The IPA symbol ⟨ŋ⟩ is similar to ⟨ɳ⟩, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to ⟨ɲ⟩, the symbol for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem. Both the IPA symbol and the sound are commonly called 'eng' or 'engma'.

"Velar nasal" redirects here. For the voiceless consonant, see Voiceless velar nasal.
"Agma" redirects here. For other uses, see Agma (disambiguation).
Voiced velar nasal
ŋ
IPA Number119
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ŋ
Unicode (hex)U+014B
X-SAMPAN
Braille⠫ (braille pattern dots-1246)

As a phoneme, the velar nasal does not occur in many of the indigenous languages of the Americas, languages of the Middle East, Romance languages, or languages of the Caucasus, but it is extremely common in Australian Aboriginal languages and is also common in many languages of Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia, Southeast Asia and Polynesia. While almost all languages have /m/ and /n/, /ŋ/ is rarer.[1] Half of the 469 languages surveyed in Anderson (2008) had a velar nasal phoneme; as a further curiosity, many of them limit its occurrence to the syllable coda. In many languages that do not have the velar nasal as a phoneme, it occurs as an allophone of /n/ before velar consonants. This kind of assimilation can even be found in languages with phonemic voiced velar nasals, such as English. An example of this is the word income; its underlying representation, /ˈɪnˌkʌm/, can be realized as either [ˈɪnˌkʌm] or [ˈɪŋˌkʌm].

An example of a language that lacks a phonemic or allophonic velar nasal is Russian, in which /n/ is pronounced as laminal denti-alveolar [n̪] even before velar consonants.[2]

Some languages have the pre-velar nasal,[3] which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar nasal, though not as front as the prototypical palatal nasal - see that article for more information.

Conversely, some languages have the post-velar nasal,[4] which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of a prototypical velar nasal, though not as back as the prototypical uvular nasal.

Features

Features of the voiced velar nasal:

Occurrence
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Albanianngaqë[ŋɡacə]'because'
Aleut[5]chaang[tʃɑːŋ]'five'
ArabicHejazi
 مــنــقل/mingal [mɪŋɡal] 'brazier' Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Hejazi Arabic phonology
ArmenianEastern[6]ընկեր/ënker[əŋˈkɛɾ]'friend'Allophone of /n/ before velar consonants
Assameseৰং/ŗông[ɹɔŋ]'color'
Asturian non [nõŋ] 'no' Allophone of /n/ in word-final position, either before consonants other than velar stops or vowel-beginning words or before a pause.
BambaraŋonI[ŋoni]'guitar'
Bashkirмең / meñ[mɪ̞ŋ]ⓘ'one thousand'
Basquehanka[haŋka]'leg'
Bengaliরঙ/rông[ɾɔŋ]'color'
Bulgarian[7]тънко/tănko[ˈtɤŋko]'thin'
Catalan[8]sang[ˈsɑ̃ŋ(k)]'blood'See Catalan phonology
Cebuanongano[ˈŋano]'why'
Chamorrongånga'[ŋɑŋaʔ]'duck'
ChineseCantonese昂/ngong4[ŋɔːŋ˩]'raise'See Cantonese phonology
Eastern Min疑/ngi[ŋi]'suspect'
Gan牙/nga[ŋa]'tooth'
Hakka我/ngai[ŋai]'I'
Mandarin北京/Beijing[peɪ˨˩tɕiŋ˥]'Beijing'Restricted to the syllable coda. See Mandarin phonology
Northern Min外/ngui[ŋui]'outside'
Southern Min黃/ng[ŋ̍]'yellow'
Sichuanese我/ngo[ŋɔ]'I'
Wu五/ng[ŋ˩˧]'five'
Xiang熬/ngau[ŋau]'to boil'
Yuci dialect of Jin我/ngie[ŋie]'I'
Chukchiӈыроӄ/ṇyroq[ŋəɹoq]'three'
Czechtank[taŋk]'tank'See Czech phonology
Dinkaŋa[ŋa]'who'
Danishsang[sɑŋˀ]'song'See Danish phonology
Dutch[9]angst[ɑŋst]'fear'See Dutch phonology
Englishsing[sɪŋ]ⓘ'sing'Restricted to the syllable coda. See English phonology
Faroeseong[ɔŋk]'meadow'
Fijiangone[ˈŋone]'child'
Filipinongayón[ŋaˈjon]'now'
Finnishkangas[ˈkɑŋːɑs]'cloth'Occurs in native vocabulary only intervocally (as a geminate) and before /k/. See Finnish phonology
French[10]Standardcamping[kɑ̃piŋ(ɡ)]'camping'Occurs only in words borrowed from English or Chinese. See French phonology
Southern Francepain[pɛŋ]'bread'For many speakers, [ŋ] acts as a substitute for the nasalization of the preceding vowel, which may still be partially nasal. It is one of the most typical traits of varieties of French influenced by an Occitan substrate.
Galicianunha[ˈuŋa]'one' (f.)
Germanlang[laŋ]'long'See Standard German phonology
Greekάγχος / anchos['aŋxo̞s]'Stress'See Modern Greek phonology
HebrewStandardאנגלית/anglit[aŋɡˈlit]'English language'Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Sephardiעין/nayin[ŋaˈjin]'Ayin'See Sephardi Hebrew
Hiligaynonbuang[bu'äŋ]'crazy/mentally unstable'
Hindustani Hindi रंग/रङ्ग/raṅg [rəŋg] 'color' See Hindustani phonology
Urdu رن٘گ/raṅg
Fiji Hindustani Rang
Hungarianing[iŋɡ]'shirt'Allophone of /n/. See Hungarian phonology
Icelandicgöng[ˈkœy̯ŋk]'tunnel'See Icelandic phonology
Ilocanongalngal[ŋalŋal]'to chew'
Inuktitutᐴᙳᐆᖅ / puunnguuq[puːŋŋuːq]'dog'
Inuvialuktunqamnguiyuaq[qamŋuijuaq]'snores'
Irisha nglór[ˌə̃ ˈŋl̪ˠoːɾˠ]'their voice'Occurs word-initially as a result of the consonantal mutation eclipsis. See Irish phonology
Italian[11]anche[ˈaŋke]'also'Allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Italian phonology
Itelmenқниң[qniŋ]'one'
JapaneseStandard南極 / nankyoku[naŋkʲokɯ]'the South Pole'See Japanese phonology
Eastern dialects[12]鍵 / kagi[kaŋi]'key'
Javaneseꦱꦺꦔꦏ꧀/Sengak[səŋŋak]stinkAdditional /ŋ/ caused by vowel after /ŋ/ sounding
Kagayanen[13]manang[manaŋ]'older sister'
Kazakhмың / myń[məŋ]'thousand'
Kyrgyzмиң/miñ[miŋ]
Ketаяң/ajaņ[ajaŋ]'to damn'
Khasingap[ŋap]'honey'
Khmer
  • [ŋiəj]
  • [kɑːsaːŋ]
  • 'easy'
  • 'to build'
See Khmer phonology
Korean성에 / seonge[sʌŋe]'window frost'See Korean phonology
Kurdish Northern ceng [dʒɛŋ] 'war' See Kurdish phonology
Central جه‌نگ/ceng
Southern
Luxembourgish[14]keng[kʰæŋ]'nobody'See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonianaнглиски/angliski[ˈaŋɡliski]'English'Occurs occasionally as an allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Macedonian phonology
Lugandaŋaaŋa[ŋɑːŋɑ]'hornbill'
Malay Malaysian and Indonesianbangun[ˈbaŋʊn]'wake up'
Kelantan-Pattani sini [si.niŋ] 'here' See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Terengganu ayam [a.jaŋ] 'chicken' See Terengganu Malay
Malayalam[5]മാങ്ങ/mān̄n̄a[maːŋŋɐ]'mango'
Māori[15]ngā[ŋaː]'the'
Marathiरंग/ranga[rəŋə]'colour'See Marathi phonology
Mariеҥ/eng[jeŋ]'human'
Mongolianтэнгэр / teŋger[teŋger]'sky'
Nepaliनङ/nang [nʌŋ] 'nail'See Nepali phonology
Nganasanӈаӈ/ngang[ŋaŋ]'mouth'
Nivkhңамг/ngamg[ŋamɡ]'seven'
North FrisianMooringkåchelng[ˈkɔxəlŋ]'stove'
Norwegiangang[ɡɑŋ]'hallway'See Norwegian phonology
Odiaଏବଂ/ebang[ebɔŋ]'and'
Ottoman Turkishیڭی/yeŋi'new'
Panjabi Gurmukhi ਰੰਗ/rang [rəŋ] 'color'
Shahmukhi رنگ/rang
Persian[ræːŋ]See Persian phonology
Pipilnemanha[nemaŋa]'later'
Polish[16]bank[bäŋk]'bank'Allophone of /n/ before /k, ɡ, x/; post-palatal before /kʲ, ɡʲ/.[17][18] See Polish phonology
Portuguesemanga[ˈmɐ̃(ŋ)ɡɐ]'mango'Occurs occasionally in slow, careful speech, as an allophone of /n/ before /ɡ/ and /k/, when the speaker does not delete the /n/ by fusing it with the preceding vowel.
OccitanProvençalvin[viŋ]'wine'
Rapanuihanga[haŋa]'bay'Sometimes written ⟨g⟩ in Rapanui
RomanianȚara Moților Transylvanian[19]câine['kɨŋi]'dog'Corresponds to [n] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Samoangagana[ŋaˈŋana]'language'
Serbo-Croatian[20]станка / stanka[stâːŋka]'pause'Allophone of /n/ before /k, ɡ, x/.[20] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Sericomcáac[koŋˈkaak]'Seri people'
Shonan'anga[ŋaŋɡa]'traditional healer'
Slovenetank[ˈt̪âːŋk]'tank'
Spanish[21]All dialectsdomingo[d̪o̞ˈmĩŋɡo̞]'Sunday'Allophone of /n/ before velar consonants. See Spanish phonology
Galician Spanish, Andalusian, Canarian, and most Caribbean dialectsalquitrán[alkitˈɾaŋ]'tar'Allophone of /n/ in word-final position, either before consonants other than velar stops or vowel-beginning words or before a pause.
Swahiling'ombe[ŋombɛ]'cow'
Swedishingenting[ɪŋɛnˈtʰɪŋ]'nothing'See Swedish phonology
Tamilஇங்கே/in̄gē[iŋgeː]'here'
Teluguవాఙ్మయం[ʋaːŋmajam]'Literature'Allophone of anuswara when followed by velar stop
Tibetan Standard ང/nga [ŋa˩˧] 'I'
Thaiงาน/ngaan[ŋaːn]'work'
Nuer - Thok Nathŋa[ŋa]'who?' or 'Is who?'
Tongantangata[taŋata]'man'
Tuamotuanrangi / ragi[raŋi]'sky'
Tundra Nenetsӈэва/ŋəwa[ŋæewa]'head'
Turkmenmüň[myŋ]'thousand'
Tyapnɡɡwon[ŋɡʷən]'child'
Uzbekming[miŋ]'thousand'
Venetianman[maŋ]'hand'
Vietnamese[22]ngà[ŋaː˨˩]'ivory'See Vietnamese phonology
Welshrhwng[r̥ʊŋ]'between'
West Frisiankening[ˈkeːnɪŋ]'king'
Xhosaing’ang’ane[iŋaŋaːne]'hadada ibis'
Yiꉢ/nga[ŋa˧]'I'
Yup'ikungungssiq[uŋuŋssiq]'animal'
ZapotecTilquiapan[23]yan[jaŋ]'neck'Word-final allophone of lenis /n/

See also

Notes
  1. Ladefoged (2005), p. 164. The oral counterparts /p, t, k/ are found together in almost all languages
  2. Jones & Ward (1969), p. 160.
  3. Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".
  4. Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".
  5. Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
  6. Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 19.
  7. Sabev, Mitko. "Bulgarian Sound System". Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  8. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  9. Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  10. Wells (1989), p. 44.
  11. Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 118.
  12. Okada (1999), p. 118.
  13. Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
  14. Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  15. Reed (2001).
  16. Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  17. Gussmann (1974), pp. 107, 111 and 114.
  18. Ostaszewska & Tambor (2000), pp. 35, 41 and 86.
  19. Pop (1938), p. 31.
  20. Landau et al. (1999), p. 67
  21. Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 258.
  22. Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
  23. Merrill (2008), p. 109.

References
  • Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2008), "The Velar Nasal", in Haspelmath, Martin; Dryer, Matthew S; Gil, David; et al. (eds.), The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, retrieved 2008-04-30
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
  • Gussmann, Edmund (1974), Fisiak, Jacek (ed.), "Nasality in Polish and English" (PDF), Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics, Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz University, 2: 105–122
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521153003
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants: An Introduction to the Sounds of Languages, vol. 1, Wiley-Blackwell
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
  • Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J., III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296, S2CID 38504322{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Ostaszewska, Danuta; Tambor, Jolanta (2000), Fonetyka i fonologia współczesnego języka polskiego, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, ISBN 83-01-12992-1
  • Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
  • Reed, A.W. (2001), Kāretu, Tīmoti (ed.), The Reed Concise Māori Dictionary
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Wells, J.C. (1989), "Computer-Coded Phonemic Notation of Individual Languages of the European Community", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 19 (1): 31–54, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005892, S2CID 145148170
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