Voiceless retroflex fricative

The voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ʂ which is a Latin letter s combined with a retroflex hook. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of s (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant). A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations. Only one language, Toda, appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different.

Voiceless retroflex fricative
ʂ
IPA Number136
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ʂ
Unicode (hex)U+0282
X-SAMPAs`
Braille⠲ (braille pattern dots-256) ⠎ (braille pattern dots-234)

Some scholars also posit the voiceless retroflex approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ɻ̊.

Features

Schematic mid-sagittal section

Features of the voiceless retroflex fricative:

  • Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat).
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical [ʂ̺] and laminal [ʂ̻].

The commonality of [ʂ] cross-linguistically is 6% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages.[1]

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Abkhazамш/amš[amʂ]'day'See Abkhaz phonology
Adygheпшъашъэ/pşáşa[pʂ̻aːʂ̻a]'girl'Laminal.
ChineseMandarin/shí[ʂ̺ɻ̩˧˥]'stone'Apical. See Mandarin phonology
Emilian-Romagnol Romagnol sé [ˈʂĕ] 'yes' Apical; may be [s̺ʲ] or [ʃ] instead.
Faroesers[fʊʂ]'eighty'
bert [pɛɻ̊ʈ] 'only' Devoiced approximant allophone of /r/.[2] See Faroese phonology
HindustaniHindiकष्ट/kaṣṭ[ˈkəʂʈ]'trouble'See Hindi phonology
Kannada ಕಷ್ಟ/kaṣṭa [kɐʂʈɐ] 'difficult' Only in loanwords. See Kannada phonology.
Kazakh шағын, şağyn [ʂɑɣɯn] 'small, compact' See Kazakh phonology
KhantyMost northern dialectsшаш/şaş[ʂɑʂ]'knee'Corresponds to a voiceless retroflex affricate /ʈ͡ʂ/ in the southern and eastern dialects.
Lower Sorbian[3][4]glažk[ˈɡläʂk]'glass'
Malayalamകഷ്ടം/kaṣṭam[kɐʂʈɐm]'difficult'Only occurs in loanwords.

See Malayalam phonology

Mapudungun[5]trukur[ʈ͡ʂʊ̝ˈkʊʂ]'fog'Possible allophone of /ʐ/ in post-nuclear position.[5]
Marathiषी/ruṣī[ɾuʂiː]'sage'See Marathi phonology
Nepaliषष्ठी/ṣaṣṭhī[sʌʂʈʰi]'Shashthi (day)'Allophone of /s/ in neighbourhood of retroflex consonants.

See Nepali phonology

Norwegiannorsk[nɔʂk]'Norwegian'Allophone of the sequence /ɾs/ in many dialects, including Urban East Norwegian. See Norwegian phonology
OʼodhamCuk-on[tʃʊk ʂɔn]Tucson
PashtoSouthern dialectښودل/ṣodël[ʂodəl]'to show'
PolishStandard[6]szum[ʂ̻um]'rustle'After voiceless consonants it is also represented by rz. When written so, it can be instead pronounced as the voiceless raised alveolar non-sonorant trill by few speakers.[7] It is transcribed /ʃ/ by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology
Southeastern Cuyavian dialects[8]schowali[ʂxɔˈväli]'they hid'Some speakers. It's a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of /ʂ/ and /s/ into [s] (see szadzenie).
Suwałki dialect[9]
RomanianMoldavian dialects[10]șură['ʂurə]'barn'Apical.[10] See Romanian phonology
Transylvanian dialects[10]
Russian[6]шут/šut[ʂut̪]'jester'See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[11][12]шал / šal[ʂȃ̠l]'scarf'Typically transcribed as /ʃ/. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak[13]šatka[ˈʂätkä]'kerchief'
Swedishfors[fɔʂ]'rapids'Allophone of the sequence /rs/ in many dialects, including Central Standard Swedish. See Swedish phonology
Tamil கஷ்டம்/kaṣṭam [kɐʂʈɐm] 'difficult' Only occurs in loanwords, often replaced with /s/. See Tamil phonology
Telugu కష్టం/kaṣṭam Only occurs in loanwords. See Telugu phonology
Toda[14][pɔʂ]'(clan name)'Subapical, contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ/.[15]
Torwali[16]ݜیݜ[ʂeʂ]'thin rope'
Ubykh[ʂ̺a]'head'See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian шахи/šachy [ˈʂɑxɪ] 'chess' See Ukrainian phonology
Upper SorbianSome dialects[17][18]Used in dialects spoken in villages north of Hoyerswerda; corresponds to [ʃ] in standard language.[3] See Upper Sorbian phonology
VietnameseSouthern dialects[19]sữa[ʂɨə˧ˀ˥]'milk'See Vietnamese phonology
Yi/shy[ʂ̺ɹ̩˧]'gold'
Yurok[20]segep[ʂɛɣep]'coyote'
ZapotecTilquiapan[21]Allophone of /ʃ/ before [a] and [u].

Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative

Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative
ɻ̝̊
ɻ̊˔
ʈ˕
IPA Number152 402B 429
Encoding
X-SAMPAr\`_0_r
Voiceless retroflex approximant
ɻ̊
IPA Number152 402A
Encoding
X-SAMPAr\`_0

Features

Features of the voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative:

  • Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat).
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Angami[22]
Chokri[23]
Ormuri[24]

See also

Notes

  1. Phoible.org. (2018). PHOIBLE Online - Segments. [online] Available at: http://phoible.org/parameters.
  2. Árnason (2011), p. 115.
  3. Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 40–41
  4. Zygis (2003), pp. 180–181, 190–191.
  5. Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 90.
  6. Hamann (2004), p. 65
  7. Karaś, Halina. "Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř)". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-06.
  8. Taras, Barbara. "Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13.
  9. Karaś, Halina. "Gwary polskie - Szadzenie". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13.
  10. Pop (1938), p. 31.
  11. Kordić (2006), p. 5.
  12. Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  13. Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
  14. Ladefoged (2005), p. 168.
  15. Krishnamurti (2003), p. 66.
  16. Lunsford (2001), pp. 16–20.
  17. Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 41.
  18. Zygis (2003), p. 180.
  19. Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
  20. "Yurok consonants". Yurok Language Project. UC Berkeley. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  21. Merrill (2008), p. 109.
  22. Blankenship, B. "Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami" (PDF).
  23. Bielenberg, Brian; Zhalie, Nienu (Fall 2001). "Chokri (Phek Dialect): Phonetics and Phonology" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 24 (2): 85–122. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  24. Novák, Ľubomír (2013). "Other Eastern Iranian Languages". Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD). Prague: Charles University. p. 59.

References

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