Voiceless bilabial plosive

The voiceless bilabial plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in most spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨p⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is p.

Voiceless bilabial plosive
p
IPA Number101
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)p
Unicode (hex)U+0070
X-SAMPAp
Braille⠏ (braille pattern dots-1234)

Features

Features of the voiceless bilabial plosive:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
  • Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Varieties
IPADescription
p plain p
pʰ aspirated p
pˠ velarized p
pʲ palatalized p
pʷ labialized p
p̚ p with no audible release
p̌ voiced p
p͈ tense p
pʼ ejective p

Occurrence

The stop /p/ is missing from about 10% of languages that have a /b/. (See voiced velar stop for another such gap.) This is an areal feature of the circum-Saharan zone (Africa north of the equator plus the Arabian peninsula). It is not known how old this areal feature is, and whether it might be a recent phenomenon due to Arabic as a prestige language (Arabic shifted /p/ to /f/ but the timing of this change is not known), or whether Arabic was itself affected by a more ancient areal pattern. It is found in other areas as well; for example, Fijian, Onge, and many Papuan languages have /b/ but no /p/.

Nonetheless, the /p/ sound is very common cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain /p/, and some distinguish more than one variety. Many Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindustani, have a two-way contrast between the aspirated /pʰ/ and the plain /p/ (also transcribed as [p˭] in extensions to the IPA).

Examples
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Adygheпаӏо/paio[paːʔʷa]ⓘ'hat'
ArabicAlgerianپاپيش/pāpīš[paːpiːʃ]'beautiful girls'
Hejazi پول/pōl [po̞ːl] 'Paul' Only used in loanwords, transcribed and pronounced as ⟨ب⟩ by many speakers.
Egyptian كبش/kabš [kɛpʃ] 'ram' Allophone of [b] before unvoiced consonants. Also used in loanwords.
ArmenianEastern[1]պապիկ/papik[pɑpik]ⓘ'grandpa'Contrasts with aspirated form
Assyrianܦܬܐ pata[pata]'face'
Basqueharrapatu[(h)arapatu]'to catch'
Bengaliপথ[pɔtʰ]'road'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Catalan[2]por[ˈpɔ(ɾ)]'fear'See Catalan phonology
Chuvash путене/putene [put̬ʲɛ'nɛ] 'quail'
Czechpes[pɛs]'dog'See Czech phonology
DanishStandard[3]bog[ˈpɔ̽ʊ̯ˀ]'book'Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨b̥⟩ or ⟨b⟩. Contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨pʰ⟩ or ⟨p⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch[4]plicht[plɪxt]'duty'See Dutch phonology
Englishpack[pʰæk]'pack'See English phonology
Esperantotempo[ˈtempo]'time'See Esperanto phonology
Filipinopato[paˈto]'duck'
Finnishpappa[ˈpɑpːɑ]'grandpa'See Finnish phonology
French[5]pomme[pɔm]'apple'See French phonology
Gan Chinese Nanchangnese 把戲 [pa˨˩ ɕi˩] 'magic' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nanchangnese phonology
GermanPack[pʰak]'pile'See Standard German phonology
Greekπόδι / pódi[ˈpo̞ði]'leg'See Modern Greek phonology
Gujaratiપગ/pag[pəɡ]'foot'See Gujarati phonology
Hakka Chinese Meizhounese 河壩 / ho² ba⁴ [ho˩ pa˥] 'river' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Meizhounese phonology
Hebrewפּקיד/pakid[pakid]'clerk'See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani Urdu پل/pal [pəl] 'moment' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Hindi पल / pal
Hungarianpápa[ˈpaːpɒ]'pope'See Hungarian phonology
Italian[6]papà[paˈpa]'dad'See Italian phonology
Japanese[7]ポスト / posuto[posɯto]'mailbox'See Japanese phonology
Kabardianпэ/pė[pa]ⓘ'nose'
Khmerពន្យល់ / pônyól[pɔnjɔl]'to explain'See Khmer phonology
Korean빛 / bit[pit̚]'light'See Korean phonology
Kurdish Northern por [ˈpʰoːɾ] 'hair' See Kurdish phonology
Central پیرۆزە/píroze [pʰiːɾoːzæ] 'lammergeier'
Southern پۊنگه/pûûnga [pʰʉːŋa] 'pennyroyal'
Lakotapúza[ˈpʊza]'dry'
Lithuanian pastatas [ˈpaːstɐtɐs] 'building' See Lithuanian phonology
Luxembourgish[8]bëlleg[ˈpələɕ]'cheap'Less often voiced [b]. It is usually transcribed /b/, and contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed /p/.[8] See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonianпее/pee[pɛː]'sing'See Macedonian phonology
Malaypanas[pänäs]'hot'Often unreleased in syllable codas so /p/ is read as [p̚] instead in lembap [ləmbap̚] 'damp'. See Malay phonology
Malteseaptit[apˈtit]'appetite'
Mandarin Dungan бонцу [pɑŋ˨˦ t͡sʰou˨˦] 'to assist' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Dungan phonology
Nanjingnese 半大子 [pɑŋ˦ tɑ˦ tsz̩] 'teenager' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nanjingnese phonology
Sichuanese 不算事 / bu² suan⁴ si⁴ [pu˨˩ suan˨˩˧ sz̩˨˩˧] 'ineffective' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Sichuanese phonology
Standard 爆炸 / bàozhà [pɑʊ˥˩ tʂa˥˩]ⓘ 'to explode' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Standard Chinese phonology
Xi'annese 迸 [pəŋ˦] 'mattock' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Xi'annese phonology
Marathiपाऊस/paa'uus/pā'ūs[pɑːˈuːs]'rain'See Marathi phonology
Min Chinese Hokkien 咖啡 / ko-pi [ko˨ pi˦] 'coffee' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hokkien phonology
Teochew 僻 / piah4 [pʰiaʔ˨] 'remote' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Teochew phonology
Fuzhounese 白撞 / băh-dâung [paʔ˨˩ lɑuŋ˨˦˨] 'trespasser' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Fuzhounese phonology
Mutsunpo·čor[poːt͡ʃor]'a sore'
Nepaliपिता/pitā[pit̪ä]'father'See Nepali phonology
Norwegianpappa[pɑpːɑ]'dad'See Norwegian phonology
Odiaପଥର/pathara[pɔʈʰɔrɔ]'stone'Contrasts with aspirated form.
Pashtoپانير/pa'nir[pɑˈnir]'cheese'
Persian پول/pul [pul] 'money'
Pirahãpibaóí[ˈpìbàóí̯]'otter'
Polish[9]pas[päs]ⓘ'belt'See Polish phonology
Portuguese[10]pai[paj]'father'See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi ਪੱਤਾ/pattaa/pattā [pət̪ːäː] 'leaf'
Romanianpas[pas]'step'See Romanian phonology
Russian[11]плод/plod[pɫot̪]'fruit'Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[12]пиће / piće[pǐːt͡ɕě]'drink'See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovakpes[pɛ̝s]'dog'
Slovene pes [pə̂s̪] 'dog'
slep mož [ˈs̪lêːpⁿ ˈmôːʃ] 'blind man' Nasal release before /m/.
Spanish[13]peso[ˈpe̞so̞]'weight'See Spanish phonology
Swahili pombe [ˈpoᵐbɛ] 'beer'
Swedishapa[ˈɑːˌpa]'monkey'See Swedish phonology
Teluguపని[pani]'work'Contrasts with aspirated form in old telugu. However aspirated form is almost always pronounced as voiceless labiodental fricative in modern telugu.
Thai แป้ง/paeng [pɛ̂ːŋ] 'powder' See Thai phonology
Tsezпу/pu[pʰu]'side'Contrasts with ejective form.
Turkishkap[kʰäp]'pot'See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[14]павук/pavuk[pɐˈβ̞uk]'spider'See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese[15]nhíp[ɲip˧ˀ˥]'tweezers'See Vietnamese phonology
Welsh siop [ʃɔp] 'shop' See Welsh phonology
West Frisianpanne[ˈpɔnə]'pan'
Wu Chinese Shanghainese 司必靈 / sy-piq-lin [sz̩˧ pi̯ɪʔ˦ lin˨] 'spring' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Shanghainese phonology
Suzhounese 標緻 / piau¹-tsyu⁵ [pi̯æ˥ tsz̩ʷ˨˩] 'pretty' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Suzhounese phonology
Wenzhounese 眼淚八汁 / nga⁴-lei⁶-po⁷-tsai⁷ [ŋa lei̯ po˥˧ tsai̯˩˨] 'tear' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Wenzhounese phonology
Yiꀠ / ba[pa˧]'exchange'Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Yue Chinese Cantonese 豬頭丙 / zyu¹ tau⁴ bing² [t͡ʃyː˥ tʰɐu̯˨˩ pɪŋ˧˥] 'blockhead' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Cantonese phonology
Taishanese 白 [pak̚˧˩] 'white' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Taishanese phonology
Central Alaskan Yup'ikpanik[panik]'daughter'
ZapotecTilquiapan[16]pan[paŋ]'bread'

See also

Notes
  1. Dum-Tragut (2009:17)
  2. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
  3. Basbøll (2005:61)
  4. Gussenhoven (1992:45)
  5. Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
  6. Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
  7. Okada (1999), p. 117.
  8. Gilles & Trouvain (2013:67–68)
  9. Jassem (2003:103)
  10. Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  11. Padgett (2003:42)
  12. Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  13. Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
  14. Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  15. Thompson (1959:458–461)
  16. Merrill (2008:108)

References
  • Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
  • Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505, S2CID 13470826
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
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