Voiced labiodental fricative
The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨v⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is v
.
Voiced labiodental fricative | |
---|---|
v | |
IPA Number | 129 |
Audio sample | |
source · help | |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | v |
Unicode (hex) | U+0076 |
X-SAMPA | v |
Braille |
The sound is similar to voiced alveolar fricative /z/ in that it is familiar to most European speakers but is a fairly uncommon sound cross-linguistically, occurring in approximately 21.1% of languages.[1] Moreover, most languages that have /z/ also have /v/ and similarly to /z/, the overwhelming majority of languages with [v] are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia, although the similar labiodental approximant /ʋ/ is also common in India. The presence of [v] and absence of [w], is a very distinctive areal feature of European languages and those of adjacent areas of Siberia and Central Asia. Speakers of East Asian languages that lack this sound may pronounce it as [b] (Korean and Japanese), or [f]/[w] (Cantonese and Mandarin), and thus be unable to distinguish between a number of English minimal pairs.
In certain languages, such as Danish,[2] Faroese,[3] Icelandic or Norwegian[4] the voiced labiodental fricative is in a free variation with the labiodental approximant.
Features
Features of the voiced labiodental fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abkhaz | европа | [evˈropʼa] | 'Europe' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
Afrikaans | wees | [vɪəs] | 'to be' | See Afrikaans phonology | |
Albanian | valixhe | [vaˈlidʒɛ] | 'case' | ||
Arabic | Algerian[5] | كاڥي | [kavi] | 'ataxy' | See Arabic phonology |
Hejazi | ڤيروس | [vajˈruːs] | 'virus' | Only used in loanwords, transcribed and pronounced as [f] by many speakers. | |
Siirt[5] | ذهب | [vaˈhab] | 'gold' | See Arabic phonology | |
Armenian | Eastern[6] | վեց | ⓘ | 'six' | |
Assyrian | ܟܬܒ̣ܐ ctava | [ctaːva] | 'book' | Only in the Urmia dialects. [ʋ] is also predominantly used. Corresponds to [w] in the other varieties. | |
Bai | Dali | ? | [ŋv˩˧] | 'fish' | |
Bulgarian | вода | [voda] | 'water' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
Catalan | Alguerese[7] | vell | [ˈveʎ] | 'old' | See Catalan phonology |
Balearic[8] [7] | |||||
Southern Catalonia[9] | |||||
Valencian[9][7] | |||||
Chechen | вашa / vaşa | [vaʃa] | 'brother' | ||
Chinese | Wu | 饭 | [vɛ] | 'cooked rice' | |
Sichuanese | 五 | [vu˥˧] | 'five' | Corresponds to /w/ in standard Mandarin. | |
Czech | voda | [ˈvodä] | 'water' | See Czech phonology | |
Danish | Standard[10] | véd | [ve̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ] | 'know(s)' | Most often an approximant [ʋ].[2] See Danish phonology |
Dutch | All dialects | wraak | [vraːk] | 'revenge' | Allophone of /ʋ/ before /r/. See Dutch phonology |
Most dialects | vreemd | [vreːmt] | 'strange' | Often devoiced to [f] by speakers from the Netherlands. See Dutch phonology | |
Standard[11] | |||||
English | All dialects | valve | ⓘ | 'valve' | See English phonology |
African American[12] | breathe | [bɹiːv] | 'breathe' | Does not occur word-initially. See th-fronting | |
Cockney[13] | [bɹəi̯v] | ||||
Esperanto | vundo | [ˈvundo] | 'wound' | See Esperanto phonology | |
Ewe[14] | evlo | [évló] | 'he is evil' | ||
Faroese[3] | veður | [ˈveːʋuɹ] | 'speech' | Word-initial allophone of /v/, in free variation with an approximant [ʋ].[3] See Faroese phonology | |
French[15] | valve | [valv] | 'valve' | See French phonology | |
Georgian[16] | ვიწრო | [ˈvitsʼɾo] | 'narrow' | ||
German | Wächter | [ˈvɛçtɐ] | 'guard' | See Standard German phonology | |
Greek | βερνίκι verníki | [ve̞rˈnici] | 'varnish' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
Hebrew | גב | [ɡav] | 'back' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
Hindi[17] | व्रत | [vrət̪] | 'fast' | See Hindustani phonology | |
Hungarian | veszély | [vɛseːj] | 'danger' | See Hungarian phonology | |
Irish | bhaile | [vaːlə] | 'home' | See Irish phonology | |
Italian[18] | avare | [aˈvare] | 'miserly' (f. pl.) | See Italian phonology | |
Judaeo-Spanish | mueve | [ˈmwɛvɛ] | 'nine' | ||
Kabardian | вагъуэ | ⓘ | 'star' | Corresponds to [ʒʷ] in Adyghe | |
Macedonian | вода | [vɔda] | 'water' | See Macedonian phonology | |
Maltese | iva | [iva] | 'yes' | ||
Norwegian | Urban East[4] | venn | [ve̞nː] | 'friend' | Allophone of /ʋ/ before a pause and in emphatic speech.[4] See Norwegian phonology |
Occitan | Auvergnat | vol | [vɔl] | 'flight' | See Occitan phonology |
Limousin | |||||
Provençal | |||||
Persian | Western | ورزش | [varzeʃ] | 'sport' | See Persian phonology |
Polish[19] | wór | ⓘ | 'bag' | See Polish phonology | |
Portuguese[20] | vila | [ˈvilɐ] | 'town' | See Portuguese phonology | |
Romanian | val | [väl] | 'wave' | See Romanian phonology | |
Russian[21][22] | волосы | [ˈvʷo̞ɫ̪əs̪ɨ̞] | 'hair' | Contrasts with palatalized form; may be an approximant [ʋ] instead.[22] See Russian phonology | |
Serbo-Croatian | voda | [vɔ'da] | 'water' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
Slovak[23] | vzrast | [vzräst] | 'height' | Appears only in syllable onset before voiced obstruents; the usual realization of /v/ is an approximant [ʋ].[23] See Slovak phonology | |
Slovene[24] | Standard | filozof gre | [filoˈz̪ôːv ˈɡɾěː] | 'philosopher goes' | Allophone of /f/ before voiced consonants.[24] See Slovene phonology |
Some dialects | voda | [ˈvɔ̀ːd̪á] | 'water' | Instead of /ʋ/. See Slovene phonology | |
Spanish[25] | afgano | [ävˈɣ̞äno̞] | 'Afghan' | Allophone of /f/ before voiced consonants. See Spanish phonology | |
Swedish | vägg | [ˈvɛɡː] | 'wall' | See Swedish phonology | |
Turkish[26] | vade | [väːˈd̪ɛ] | 'due date' | The main allophone of /v/; realized as bilabial [β ~ β̞] in certain contexts.[26] See Turkish phonology | |
Tyap | vak | [vag] | 'road' | ||
Urdu | ورزش | [vəɾzɪʃ] | ‘exercise’ | See Hindustani phonology | |
Vietnamese[27] | và | [vaː˨˩] | 'and' | In southern dialects, is in free variation with [j]. See Vietnamese phonology | |
West Frisian | weevje | [ˈʋeɪ̯vjə] | 'to weave' | Never occurs in word-initial positions. See West Frisian phonology | |
Welsh | fi | [vi] | 'I' | See Welsh phonology | |
Yi | ꃶ/vu | [vu˧] | 'intestines' |
See also
Notes
- "UPSID Segment Frequency". Retrieved 13 February 2023.
- Basbøll (2005:66)
- Árnason (2011:115)
- Kristoffersen (2000:74)
- Watson (2002:15)
- Dum-Tragut (2009:18)
- "La /v/ labiodental" (PDF). IEC. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
- Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- Wheeler (2002:13)
- Basbøll (2005:62)
- Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- McWhorter (2001), pp. 148.
- Wells (1982), p. 328.
- Ladefoged (2005:156)
- Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- Janet Pierrehumbert, Rami Nair, Volume Editor: Bernard Laks (1996), Implications of Hindi Prosodic Structure (Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods) (PDF), European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford Press, 1996, ISBN 978-1-901471-02-1, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-13, retrieved 2010-10-19
{{citation}}
:|author=
has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- Jassem (2003:103)
- Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- Padgett (2003:42)
- Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)
- Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
- Herrity (2000:16)
- http://www.uclm.es/profesorado/nmoreno/compren/material/2006apuntes_fonetica.pdf Archived 2012-03-07 at the Wayback Machine; http://plaza.ufl.edu/lmassery/Consonantes%20oclusivasreviewlaurie.doc
- Göksel & Kerslake (2005:6))
- Thompson (1959:458–461)
References
- Árnason, Kristján (2011). The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199229314.
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
- Herrity, Peter (2000), Slovene: A Comprehensive Grammar, London: Routledge, ISBN 0415231485
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505, S2CID 13470826
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Wheeler, Max W. (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925814-7
- Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395