Voiced dental and alveolar plosives

The voiced alveolar, dental and postalveolar plosives (or stops) are types of consonantal sounds used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is ⟨d⟩ (although the symbol ⟨d̪⟩ can be used to distinguish the dental plosive, and ⟨d̠⟩ the postalveolar), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d.

Voiced alveolar plosive
d
IPA Number104
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)d
Unicode (hex)U+0064
X-SAMPAd
Braille⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)
Voiced dental plosive
d̪
IPA Number104 408
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)d​̪
Unicode (hex)U+0064 U+032A
X-SAMPAd_d
Braille⠙ (braille pattern dots-145) ⠠ (braille pattern dots-6) ⠹ (braille pattern dots-1456)

There are only a few languages which distinguishes dental and alveolar stops, Kota, Toda, Venda and some Irish dialects being a few of them.

Features

Features of the voiced alveolar stop:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
  • There are three specific variants of [d]:
    • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
    • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Dental or denti-alveolar
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
ArabicEgyptianدنيا / donya[ˈdonjæ]'world'See Egyptian Arabic phonology
ArmenianEastern[1]դեմք / demk’[d̪ɛmkʰ]ⓘ'face'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Westernտալ / dal[d̪ɑl]'to give'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Bashkirдүрт / dürt[dʏʷrt]ⓘ'four'
Basquediru[d̪iɾu]'money'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Belarusian[2]падарожжа/padarožža[päd̪äˈroʐːä]'travel'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology
Bengaliদুধ/dūdh[d̪ud̪ʱ]'milk'Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Bengali phonology
Catalan[3]drac[ˈd̪ɾɑk]'dragon'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology
ChineseWu唐/da[d̪ɑ̃]'the Tang dynasty'
Dinka[4]dhek[d̪ek]'distinct'Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with alveolar /d/.
Dhivehiދެރަ/Dhera[d̪eɾa]'sad'Laminal denti-alveolar.
DutchBelgianding[d̪ɪŋ]'thing'Laminal denti-alveolar.
EnglishDublin[5]then[d̪ɛn]'then'Laminal denti-alveolar.Corresponds to [ð] in other dialects. In Dublin it may be [d͡ð].[5]See English phonology
Southern Irish[6]
Geordie[7]Word-initial allophone of /ð/; may be realized as [ð] instead.[7]
Ulster[8]dream[d̪ɹim]'dream'Allophone of /d/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop.
Esperantomondo[ˈmondo]'world'See Esperanto phonology.
French[9]dais[d̪ɛ]'canopy'Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology
Georgian[10]კუდი[ˈkʼud̪i]'tail'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Georgian phonology
Hindustani[11] Hindi दूध / dūdh [d̪uːd̪ʱ] 'milk' Laminal denti-alveolar. Hindustani contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. Contrasts with aspirated form <ध>. See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Urdu دودھ / dūdh Contrasts with aspirated form <دھ>.
Irishdorcha[ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə]'dark'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Irish phonology
Italian[12]dare[ˈd̪äːre]'to give'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology
Japanese[13]男性的 / danseiteki[d̪ä̃ɰ̃se̞ːt̪e̞kʲi]'masculine'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology
Kashubian[14]Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kyrgyz[15]дос[d̪os̪]'friend'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Latvian[16]drudzis[ˈd̪rud̪͡z̪is̪]'fever'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
Marathiदगड/dagaḍ[d̪əɡəɖ]'stone'Laminal denti-alveolar. Marathi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Marathi phonology
Nepaliदिन/din[d̪in]'daytime'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali Phonology
Odiaଦଶ/daśa[d̪ɔsɔ]'ten'Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Pashtoﺪﻮﻩ/dwa[ˈd̪wɑ]'two'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Polish[17]dom[d̪ɔm]ⓘ'home'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[18]Many dialectsdar[ˈd̪aɾ]'to give'Laminal denti-alveolar. May palatalize or lenite in certain environments, depending on dialect. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi Gurmukhiਦਾਲ/dāl[d̪ɑːl]'lentils'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Shahmukhi دال/dāl
Russian[19]два/dva[ˈd̪va]'two'Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with a palatalized alveolar variant. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[20]дуга / duga[d̪ǔːgä]'rainbow'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovene[21]danes[ˈd̪àːnə́s̪]'today'Laminal denti-alveolar.
dno [ˈd̪ⁿnɔ̂] 'bottom' Allophone of /d/ before /n/. See Slovene phonology.
dleto [ˈd̪ˡlèːt̪ɔ́] 'chisel' Allophone of /d/ before /l/. See Slovene phonology.
Spanish[22]hundido[ũn̪ˈd̪ið̞o̞]'sunken'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology
Teluguదయ[daja]'Kindness'Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. Aspirated form articulated as breathy consonant.
Turkishdal[d̪äɫ]'twig'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[23][24]дерево/derevo[ˈd̪ɛrɛβ̞ɔ]'tree'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek[25]sifatida[siɸætidæ]'as'Laminal denti-alveolar.
ZapotecTilquiapan[26]dan[d̪aŋ]'countryside'Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolar
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Adygheдахэ/daahė[daːxa]'pretty'
Assyrianܘܪܕܐ werda[wεrda]'flower'Predominant in the Urmia, Jilu, Baz, Gawar and Nochiya dialects. Corresponds to [ð̞] in other varieties.
Bengaliডাব/ḍab[d̠ab]'green coconut'True alveolar in eastern dialects, apical post-alveolar in western dialects. Usually transcribed in IPA as [ɖ]. See Bengali phonology.
Catalan[27]susdit[sʊzˈd̻it̪]'said before'Laminal alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Czechdo[do]'into'See Czech phonology
Dutch[28]dak[dɑk]'roof'See Dutch phonology
EnglishMost speakersdash[ˈdæʃ]ⓘ'dash'See English phonology
Finnishsidos[ˈsido̞s]'bond'See Finnish phonology
Greekντροπή / dropí[dro̞ˈpi]'shame'See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrewדואר/ do'ar[ˈdo̞.äʁ̞]'mail'See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarianadó[ˈɒdoː]'tax'See Hungarian phonology
Kabardianдахэ/ daahė[daːxa]'pretty'
Khmerដប / dab[dɑp]'bottle'
Korean아들 / adeul[ɐdɯl]'son'See Korean phonology
Kurdish Northern diran [dɪɾä:n] 'tooth' See Kurdish phonology
Central ددان/ dadân [dædä:n]
Southern دیان/dîân [diːä:n]
Luxembourgish[29]brudder[ˈb̥ʀudɐ]'brother'More often voiceless [t].[29] See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay Standard (incl. Malaysian)dahan[dähän]'branch'See Malay phonology
Indonesian[30]
Kelantan-Pattani [dahɛː] See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Maltesedehen[den]'wit'
Tagalogdalaga[dɐˈlaɰɐ]'maiden'See Tagalog phonology
Thaiดาว/ dāw[daːw]'star'
Welsh diafol [djavɔl] 'devil' See Welsh phonology
West Frisiandoarp[ˈdwɑrp]'village'
Yiꄿ/dda[da˧]'competent'
Yonaguni与那国 / dunan[dunaŋ]'Yonaguni'

Variable
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Arabicدين/diin[diːn]'religion'Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the dialect. See Arabic phonology.
EnglishBroad South African[31]dawn[doːn]'dawn'Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.[31][32][33]
Scottish[32][dɔn]
Welsh[33][dɒːn]
GermanStandard[34]oder[ˈoːdɐ]ⓘ'or'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[34] See Standard German phonology
NorwegianUrban East[35]dans[d̻ɑns]'dance'Partially voiced or fully voiceless [t]. Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[35] See Norwegian phonology
Persian[36]اداره/edāre[edaːre]'office'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.[36] See Persian phonology
Slovak[37][38]do[d̻ɔ̝]ⓘ'into'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[37][38] See Slovak phonology
SwedishCentral Standard[39]dag[dɑːɡ]'day'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, with the former being predominant.[39] May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology

See also

Notes
  1. Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  2. Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
  3. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  4. Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115, 121.
  5. Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
  6. Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
  7. Watt & Allen (2003), p. 270.
  8. "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF). UCL Phonetics and Linguistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on Nov 7, 2022.
  9. Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  10. Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  11. Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
  12. Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  13. Okada (1999), p. 117.
  14. Treder, Jerzy. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Rastko.net. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  15. Kara (2003), p. 11.
  16. Nau (1998), p. 6.
  17. Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  18. Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  19. Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99.
  20. Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  21. Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
  22. Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  23. S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics. 16: 63–79. arXiv:0802.4198.
  24. Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  25. Sjoberg (1963), p. 10.
  26. Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  27. Rafel Fontanals (1999), p. 14.
  28. Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  29. Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  30. Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
  31. Lass (2002), p. 120.
  32. Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4.
  33. Wells (1982), p. 388.
  34. Mangold (2005), p. 47.
  35. Kristoffersen (2000:22)
  36. Mahootian (2002:287–289)
  37. Kráľ (1988), p. 72.
  38. Pavlík (2004), pp. 98–99.
  39. Riad (2014:46)

References
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