Abaza language
Abaza (абаза бызшва, abaza byzshwa; Adyghe: абазэбзэ) is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by Abazins in Russia. The language has gone through several different orthographies based primarily on Latin and Cyrillic letters. Its consonant-to-vowel ratio is remarkably high; making it quite similar to many other languages from the same parent chain. The language evolved in popularity in the mid to late 1800s, but has become an endangered language.[2]
| Abaza | |
|---|---|
| абаза бызшва | |
| Native to | North Caucasus |
| Region | Karachay-Cherkessia |
| Ethnicity | Abazins |
Native speakers | 49,800 (2010–2014)[1] |
| Cyrillic, Latin | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Russia |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | abq |
| Glottolog | abaz1241 |
| ELP | Abaza |
 Abaza is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Abaza is spoken by approximately 35,000 people in Russia, where it is written in a Cyrillic alphabet, as well as another 10,000 in Turkey, where the Latin script is used. It consists of two dialects, the Ashkherewa dialect and the T'ap'anta dialect, which is the literary standard. The language also consists of five subdialects known as Psyzh-Krasnovostok, Abazakt, Apsua, Kubin-Elburgan and Kuvin.[3]
Abaza, like its relatives in the family of Northwest Caucasian languages, is a highly agglutinative language. For example, the verb in the English sentence "He couldn't make them give it back to her" contains four arguments (a term used in valency grammar): he, them, it, to her. Abaza marks arguments morphologically, and incorporates all four arguments as pronominal prefixes on the verb.[4]
It has a large consonantal inventory (63 phonemes) coupled with a minimal vowel inventory (two vowels). It is very closely related to Abkhaz,[5] but it preserves a few phonemes which Abkhaz lacks, such as a voiced pharyngeal fricative. Work on Abaza has been carried out by W. S. Allen, Brian O'Herin, and John Colarusso.
History
Different forms of cultural assimilation contributed to its fall in use in areas of Russia, and over time its overall endangerment. The language can be broken into 5 different dialects and has several unique grammatical approaches to languages. The Abaza language was at its peak usage in the mid to late 19th century.
Abaza speakers along the Greater and Lesser Laba, Urup, and Greater and Lesser Zelenchuk rivers are from a wave of migrants in the 17th to 18th centuries who represent the Abaza speakers of today. The end of the Great Caucasian War in 1864 provided Russia with power and control of the local regions and contributed to the decrease in the popularity of pre-existing local languages prior to the war.
The Abaza language was not a written language until the Latin alphabet was adopted in 1932–1933 to write it. The Cyrillic script was later utilized to write the language in 1938. A small amount of books, pamphlets, and a newspaper were published in the Abaza language afterwards.[6]
Geographic distribution
The Abaza language is spoken in Russia and Turkey. Although it is endangered, it is still spoken in several regions in Russia. These include Kara-Pago, Kubina, Psyzh, El'burgan, Inzhich-Chukun, Koi-dan, Abaza-Khabl', Malo-Abazinka, Tapanta, Krasnovostochni, Novokuvinski, Starokuvinski, Abazakt and Ap-sua.[7]
Phonology
| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sib. | plain | pal. | lab. | plain | pal. | lab. | plain | pal. | lab. | plain | lab. | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||||||||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | t͡s | t̠͡ʃ | tɕ | t̠͡ʃʷ | k | kʲ | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʔ | |||
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | t͡sʼ | t̠͡ʃʼ | tɕʼ | t̠͡ʃʷʼ | kʼ | kʲʼ | kʷʼ | qʼ | qʲʼ | qʷʼ | ||||
| voiced | b | d | d͡z | d̠͡ʒ | dʑ | d̠͡ʒʷ | ɡ | ɡʲ | ɡʷ | |||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | ɬ | s | ʃ | ɕ | ʃʷ | x | xʲ | xʷ | ħ | ħʷ | ||||
| ejective | fʼ | ɬʼ | ||||||||||||||
| voiced | v | ɮ | z | ʒ | ʑ | ʒʷ | ɣ | ɣʲ | ɣʷ | ʕ | ʕʷ | |||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | |||||||||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||||||||
The vowels [o, a, u] may have a /j/ in front of it. The vowels [e] and [i] are allophones of /a/ and /ə/ (respectively) before palatalized consonants, while the vowels [o] and [u] are allophones of /a/ and /ə/ (respectively) before labialized consonants. The vowels [e], [o], [i], and [u] can also occur as variants of the sequences /aj/, /aw/, /əj/ and /əw/.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | (i) | (u) | |
| Mid | (e) | ə | (o) |
| Open | a |
Orthography
Since 1938, Abaza has been written with the version of the Cyrillic alphabet shown below.[10][11]
| А а [a] |
Б б /b/ |
В в /v/ |
Г г /ɡ/ |
Гв гв /ɡʷ/ |
Гъ гъ /ɣ/ |
Гъв гъв /ɣʷ/ |
Гъь гъь /ɣʲ/ |
| Гь гь /ɡʲ/ |
Гӏ гӏ /ʕ/ |
Гӏв гӏв /ʕʷ/ |
Д д /d/ |
Дж дж /d͡ʒ/ |
Джв джв /d͡ʒʷ/ |
Джь джь /d͡ʑ/ |
Дз дз /d͡z/ |
| Е е [e] |
Ё ё [jo] |
Ж ж /ʒ/ |
Жв жв /ʒʷ/ |
Жь жь /ʑ/ |
З з /z/ |
И и [i] |
Й й /j/ |
| К к /k/ |
Кв кв /kʷ/ |
Къ къ /qʼ/ |
Къв къв /qʷʼ/ |
Къь къь /qʲʼ/ |
Кь кь /kʲ/ |
Кӏ кӏ /kʼ/ |
Кӏв кӏв /kʷʼ/ |
| Кӏь кӏь /kʲʼ/ |
Л л /l/ |
Ль ль /ɮ/ |
Лӏ лӏ /ɬʼ/ |
М м /m/ |
Н н /n/ |
О о [o] |
П п /p/ |
| Пӏ пӏ /pʼ/ |
Р р /r/ |
С с /s/ |
Т т /t/ |
Тл тл /ɬ/ |
Тш тш /t͡ʃ/ |
Тӏ тӏ /tʼ/ |
У у /w/, [u] |
| Ф ф /f/ |
Фӏ фӏ /fʼ/ |
Х х /x/ |
Хв хв /xʷ/ |
Хъ хъ /q/ |
Хъв хъв /qʷ/ |
Хь хь /xʲ/ |
Хӏ хӏ /ħ/ |
| Хӏв хӏв /ħʷ/ |
Ц ц /t͡s/ |
Цӏ цӏ /t͡sʼ/ |
Ч ч /t͡ɕ/ |
Чв чв /t͡ʃʷ/ |
Чӏ чӏ /t͡ɕʼ/ |
Чӏв чӏв /t͡ʃʷʼ/ |
Ш ш /ʃ/ |
| Шв шв /ʃʷ/ |
Шӏ шӏ /t͡ʃʼ/ |
Щ щ /ɕ/ |
Ъ ъ /ʔ/ |
Ы ы [ə] |
Э э [e] |
Ю ю [ju] |
Я я [ja] |
The digraphs Лӏ and Фӏ are dialectal, and are therefore absent from the literary language and the official alphabet.[12]
Sample text
| Cyrillic Alphabet[13] | Romanization |
|---|---|
Алaквa aбaгa джвыквырцaн, йдырцун. Абaгa гІaпсaн, aпсып гязaнкъвнaмгaхaзуaзтІ. Алaквa «aбaр, ужвыбырг aбaгa йaмцІaсуaштІ» - ухІвaуaтa йaхьыдзун. Арi aбaгa гвы aнaтын, зынлa aдгьыл тшыднaршвылтІ. Швaбыжтa йымгІвaйсуaз aлaквa гвы aрымтуaтa aбaгa йaхъыкъятІ. Арaъa aбaгa хІaйля чІкІвын тлaныкъвaлa йпaн, aхІврa йылaщщтІ. Арi aпштa, aбaгa йубузтын, йгІaух... ХІaрa хІколхоз йызлaнхaуa тшы щaрдa эмaпІ. Ауaт тшы брулькІ рылaпІ. Ауи «Бруль» aхьызпІ. Аколхозник Адaмей a Бруль aцІaйхІвaн, мышІ гaрa aбнз дaлaцaгІ. |
Alakva abaga džvıkvıran, ydırcun. Abaga g°apsan, apsıp gyazankvnamgahazuazt°. Alakva «abar, užbıbırg abaga yamc°asyašt°» - uh°vauata yah'ıdzun. Ari abaga gvı anatın, zınla adg'ıl tšıdnaršvılt°. Švabıžta yımg°vaysuaz alakva gvı arımtuata abaga yahıkyat°. Araa abaga h°aylya č°k°vın tlanıkvala ypan, ah°vra yılaśśt°. Ari apšta, abaga yubuztın, yg°auh...
H°ara h°kolhoz yızlanhaua tšı śarda emap°. Auat tšı brul'k° rılap°. Aui «Brul'» ah'ızp°. Akolhoznik Adamey a Brul' ac°ayh°van, mıš° gara abnz dalacag°. |
Notable speakers
Sultan Laguchev, a singer-songwriter famous in Russia, writes and performs songs in the Abaza language, including "Абыгъь гӏважьква" and "БаъапI бара." He has written an additional song in Russian entitled "Мы абазины" ('We are Abazins') about Abazinia.
References
- Abaza at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
- Allen, W. S. (1956). "The Structure and System in the Abaza Verbal Complex". Transactions of the Philological Society. 55: 127–176. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1956.tb00566.x.
- "The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire". www.eki.ee. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
- Dixon, R.M.W. (2000). "A Typology of Causatives: Form, Syntax, and Meaning". In Dixon, R.M.W. & Aikhenvald, Alexendra Y. Changing Valency: Case Studies in Transitivity. Cambridge University Press. p 57
- Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abkhaz". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp. 33. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
- Akiner, Shirin (1986). Islamic Peoples Of The Soviet Union. Routledge. pp. 238–239. ISBN 978-1-136-14274-1.
- "Abaza in Russia".
- Starostin, Sergei A.; Nikolayev, Sergei L. (1994). A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary: Preface, pp. 194-196
- Consonant Systems of the North-West Caucasian Languages (TITUS DIDACTICA)
- Abaza (Place Names Database, Institute of the Estonian Language)
- Abaza alphabet, pronunciation and language (Omniglot)
- Сердюченко, Г. П. (1938). Абазинский алфавит и орфография на русской графической основе (in Russian). Ежово-Черкесск: Чернациздательство.
- "Abaza (абаза бызшва)". omniglot.
Further reading
- Генко А. Н. Абазинский язык. Грамматический очерк наречия Тапанта. Москва-Лениград: АН СССР, 1955. (in Russian)
- Ломтатидзе К. В. Тапантский диалект абхазского языка (с текстами). Тбилиси: Издательство Академии Наук Грузинской ССР, 1944. (in Russian)
- Ломтатидзе К. В. Ашхарский диалект и его место среди других абхазско-абазинских диалектов. С текстами. Тбилиси: Издательство Академии Наук Грузинской ССР, 1954. (in Russian)
- Мальбахова-Табулова Н. Т. Грамматика абазинского языка. Фонетика и морфология. Черкесск, 1976. (in Russian)
- Чирикба В. А. Абазинский язык. В: Языки Российской Федерации и Соседних Государств. Энциклопедия. В трех томах. Т. 1. A-И. Москва: Наука, 1998, с. 1–8. (in Russian)
- Allen, W.S. Structure and system in the Abaza verbal complex. In: Transactions of the Philological Society (Hertford), Oxford, 1956, p. 127-176.
- Bouda K. Das Abasinische, eine unbekannte abchasische Mundart. In: ZDMG, BD. 94, H. 2 (Neue Folge, Bd. 19), Berlin-Leipzig, 1940, S. 234–250. (in German)
- O’Herin, B. Case and agreement in Abaza. Summer Institute of Linguistics, September 2002.
External links
- The first in the world Abaza–Russian and Russian–Abaza online dictionaries
- Abaza basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
- Recordings in Abaza language
- World Atlas of Language Structures information on Abaza
- Speak Abaza: past, present and future of the Abaza language - World Abaza Congress
