Khinalug language

Khinalug (also spelled Khinalig, Khinalugi, Xinalug(h), Xinaliq or Khinalugh) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by about 3,000 people in the villages of Khinalug and Gülüstan, Quba in the mountains of Quba Rayon, northern Azerbaijan. It forms its own independent branch within the Northeast Caucasian language family.[2]

Khinalug
каьтш мицI / kätš micʼ
Pronunciation[kætʃ mit͡sʼ]
Native toAzerbaijan
RegionQuba
Native speakers
3,000 (2007)[1]
Cyrillic script, Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-3kjj
Glottologkhin1240
ELPKhinalugh
  Khinalug
(in Azerbaijan)

Khinalug is endangered,[3] and classified as "severely endangered" by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.[4]

History

Khinalug is the language of the village Khinalug in the Quba district of Azerbaijan. It has been tentatively classified by previous researchers as a member of the Lezgian family of the Dagestani branch of Northeast Caucasian languages[5] Although Khinalug is the official language of the village, it is mostly spoken by villagers in informal circumstances, while the national language Azerbaijani is used formally for educational purposes and to communicate with non-Khinalug speakers.[5] Khinalug is considered to be a threatened language. In recent years, the road leading to the villages where it is spoken has fallen into disrepair, leaving the area mostly isolated.[6]

Phonology

The Khinalug language previously had its own script. Alexander Kibrik and a team of 13 linguists from Moscow State University visited the village in 2005.[7] In 2007 they developed a Latin orthography for Khinalug, in collaboration with local school teachers in the village. It is presented in angle brackets on the tables below.

Consonants
Consonants[8][9]
Labial Dental Postalveolar/
Palatal		 Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Nasal m ⟨m⟩n ⟨n⟩
Plosive voiceless lenis p ⟨p⟩t ⟨t⟩ k ⟨k⟩ q ⟨q⟩ ʔ ⟨ʔ⟩
voiceless fortis pː ⟨pp⟩tː ⟨tt⟩ kː ⟨kk⟩ qː ⟨qq⟩
voiced b ⟨b⟩d ⟨d⟩ ɡ ⟨g⟩
ejective pʼ ⟨p'⟩tʼ ⟨t'⟩ kʼ ⟨k'⟩
Affricate voiceless lenis t͡s ⟨c⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ç⟩ k͡x ⟨kx⟩3 q͡χ ⟨x̂⟩
voiceless fortis t͡sː ⟨cc⟩ t͡ʃː ⟨çç⟩
voiced d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩
ejective t͡sʼ ⟨c'⟩ t͡ʃʼ ⟨ç'⟩ q͡χʼ ⟨q'⟩
Fricative voiceless f ⟨f⟩s ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨ş⟩ x ⟨kh⟩2 χ ⟨x⟩ ħ ⟨hh⟩4 h ⟨h⟩
voiced v ⟨v⟩ z ⟨z⟩ ʒ ⟨z̧⟩1 ɣ ⟨gh⟩2 ʁ ⟨ğ⟩ ʕ ⟨ʕ⟩4
Trill r ⟨r⟩
Approximant l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨w⟩


1 The cedilla in the orthography is in the middle of the bottom of the <z>, as is typical of Russian linguistics.

2 Kh and gh are rare.

3 Kx is very rare.

4 The pharyngeal sounds mostly appear in Arabic loanwords.

Vowels

[8] Khinalug has nine vowels and four diphthongs.

Front Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
High i ⟨i⟩ y ⟨ü⟩ ɯ ⟨ı⟩ u ⟨u⟩
Mid e ⟨e⟩ ø ⟨ö⟩ o ⟨o⟩
Low æ ⟨ə⟩ a ⟨a⟩

Diphthongs include: [iu] [ui] [oe] [oa].

Vocabulary

The following words were phonetically transcribed from Khinalug:[10]

Khinalug singularKhinalug pluralTranslation
arhazarhazırdırpen (enclosure for livestock)
c’imirc’imirdirsparrow
izinizindirgingiva
kırabkırabırdırgaloshes
mısırmısırdırrope
nek’idnek’idirdirback
t’uk’unt’uk’undurcheek
t’umbolt’umboldurprune
ustotustoturdurpepper
ustulustuldurtable
dalıgdalιgιrdιrwork
culozculozurdurtooth
jalkanjalkandιrmane
kotukkotukurdurtree stump
mektebmektebirdirschool (compare: maktab)
mizermizerdirtextile

Note: ı is roughly pronounced as the e in "fallen". u is roughly pronounced as the ou in "coup".

Alphabet
Khinalug Cyrillic alphabet
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
А А̃ Аь Б В Г Гъ ГӀ ГӀв Д Дж Дз Е Е̃ Ж З И И̃ Й К Кв Кк Кх Кхв Кхкх Къв Кь КьӀ КӀ КӀв Л Лъ М Н О О̃ Оь
а а̃ аь б в г гъ гӀ гӀв д дж дз е е̃ ж з и и̃ й к кв кк кх кхв кхкх къв кь кьӀ кӀ кӀв л лъ м н о о̃ оь
38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74
П Пв ПӀ Р С Т Тт ТӀ ТӀв ТӀтӀ У У̃ Уь Ф Х Хъ Хъв Хь ХӀ Ӏ Ӏъ Ц Цв Цц ЦӀ ЦӀв Ч Чч ЧӀ ЧӀв Ш Шв Ъ Ы Э Ә Ә̃
п пв пӀ р с т тт тӀ тӀв тӀтӀ у у̃ уь ф х хъ хъв хь хӀ Ӏ Ӏъ ц цв цц цӀ цӀв ч чч чӀ чӀв ш шв ъ ы э ә ә̃
Khinalug Latin alphabet (2013)[11]
abcçĉ ċdeəf gğĝhĥ ḣxx̂ıi̇ jkk̂k̇
qq̂q̇lm noöpp̂ ṗrsŝş tt̂ṫuü vyzẑż

See also

References
  1. Khinalug at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Family tree of Northeast Caucasian languages at Ethnologue
  3. Published in: Encyclopedia of the world’s endangered languages. Edited by Christopher Moseley. London & New York: Routledge, 2007. 211–280.
  4. UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger Archived 2009-02-22 at the Wayback Machine
  5. Clifton, J.M. (2005). "The Sociolinguistic situation of the Khinalug in Azerbaijan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-12. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. Schulze, Wolfgang (2003). "[Khinulag]". Anthropological Linguistics. 450 (4): 450.
  7. Ivchenko, Valery (September 4, 2006). "Забытый в горах Кетш – Forgotten in the mountains of Qetsh". Vokrug sveta.
  8. Kodzasov, S.V., et al., 2007. Khinalug language alphabet (in: Russian).
  9. Khvtisiashvili, Tamrika (2013). Principal aspects of Xinaliq phonology and morphosyntax. University of Utah.
  10. Lubotsky, Alexander (2010). Van Sanskriet tot Spijkerschrift: Breinbrekers uit alle talen [From Sanskrit to Cuneiform: Brain teasers from all languages] (in Dutch). Amsterdam University Press. pp. 12, 58–59. ISBN 978-9089641793. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  11. "Alphabet – xinaliq". Archived from the original on 3 August 2018.

Further reading
  • Clifton, John M.; Deckinga, Gabriela; Lucht, Laura; Mak, Janfer; Tiessen, Calvin, Authors. 2005. "The Sociolinguistic Situation of the Khinalug In Azerbaijan."
  • Desheryev, Ju. D. 1959. Grammatika xinalugskogo jazyka. Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow.
  • Hewitt, George. 2004. Introduction to the Study of the Languages of the Caucasus. LINCOM, Munich. p. 29.
  • Kibrik, Aleksandr E. 1972. Fragmenty grammatiki xinalugskogo jazyka. Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo Universiteta, Moscow.
  • Kibrik, Aleksandr E. 1994. "Khinalug". In: The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, vol. 4; Rieks Smeets (ed.); Caravan Books, Delmar (New York). pp. 367–406.
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