Belonocnema

Belonocnema is a genus of oak gall wasps in the family Cynipidae. There are three described species: B. treatae, B. fossoria and B. kinseyi.[1][2] These species are found in the United States from Texas, east to Florida.[1]

Belonocnema
Belonocnema kinseyi
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Cynipidae
Tribe: Cynipini
Genus: Belonocnema
Mayr, 1881
Synonyms

Belonocnema species induce galls on oaks and have both sexual and asexual generations.[1][2] A number of inquiline, parasitoid, and hyperparasitoid wasp species have been reared from Belonocnema galls.[2]

Taxonomy
Leaf galls casused by Belonocnema kinseyi

The genus was first named and described by Gustav Mayr in 1881 with Belonocnema treatae as the type species.[1][3] The taxonomy of the species in the genus has been subject to different interpretations but now appears resolved through study of the morphology, ecology, and genetics of the genus.[1] The genus Dryorhizoxenus, described by William Ashmead, is considered a synonym of Belonocnema, with its type species, D. floridanus, included in B. treatae.[1][4]

References
  1. Y. Miles Zhang; Scott P. Egan; Amanda L. Driscoe; James R. Ott (2021). "One hundred and sixty years of taxonomic confusion resolved: Belonocnema (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae:Cynipini) gall wasps associated with live oaks in the USA". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 193 (4): 1234–1255. doi:10.1093/ZOOLINNEAN/ZLAB001. ISSN 1096-3642. Wikidata Q110418044.
  2. Forbes, Andrew A.; Hall, M. Carmen; Lund, JoAnne; Hood, Glen R.; Izen, Rebecca; Egan, Scott P.; Ott, James R. (2016-01-01). "Parasitoids, Hyperparasitoids, and Inquilines Associated With the Sexual and Asexual Generations of the Gall Former, Belonocnema treatae (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 109 (1): 49–63. doi:10.1093/aesa/sav112. ISSN 0013-8746.
  3. Mayr, G. (1881) Die Genera der gallenbewohnenden Cynipiden. Jahresberichte der Communal-Oberrealschule im I. Bezirke, Wien 20: 1-38.
  4. Ashmead, William H. (1881). "On the Cynipidous Galls of Florida". Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 9 (3–4): ix–xxviii.


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