Bentley 4½ Litre

Engine near-side

Engine off-side

Although the Bentley 4½ Litre was heavy, weighing 1,625 kg (3,583 lb), and spacious, with a length of 4,380 mm (172 in) and a wheelbase of 3,302 mm (130.0 in), it remained well-balanced and steered nimbly.[16] The manual transmission, however, required skill, as its four gears were unsynchronised.[16]

The robustness of the 4½ Litre's lattice chassis,[16] made of steel and reinforced with ties,[17] was needed to support the heavy cast iron inline-four engine.[16]

The engine was "resolutely modern"[10] for the time. The displacement was 4,398 cc (268.4 cu in): 100 mm (3.9 in) bore and 140 mm (5.5 in) stroke. Two SU carburetters and dual ignition with Bosch magnetos were fitted. The engine produced 110 hp (82 kW) for the touring model and 130 hp (97 kW) for the racing model. The engine speed was limited to 4,000 rpm.[10][16] A single, crossflow, overhead camshaft actuated four valves per cylinder, inclined at 30 degrees. This was a technically advanced design at a time where most cars used only two valves per cylinder in a side-valve cylinder head.[16][17] The camshaft was driven by bevel gears on a vertical shaft at the front of the engine, as on the 3 Litre engine.[18]

The Bentley's tanks - radiator, oil and petrol - had quick release filler caps that opened with one stroke of a lever. This saved time during pit stops.[19]

This 4½ was equipped with a canvas top stretched over a lightweight Weymann body.[1] The hood structure was very light but with high wind resistance (24 Hours Le Mans rules between 1924 and 1928 dictated a certain number of laps for which the hood had to be closed). The steering wheel measured about 45 cm (18 in) in diameter and was wrapped with solid braided rope for improved grip.

Brakes were conventional, consisting of 17-inch (430 mm) drum brakes finned for improved cooling and operated by rod. Semi-elliptic leaf springs were used at front and rear.[16][17]

• fixed head coupé by Harrison 1928
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• 
• 

Blower Bentley

Front of a "Blower Bentley", showing the supercharger in front of the grille

Intake manifold of a "Blower Bentley"

The essential difference between the Bentley 4½ Litre and the Blower was the addition of a Roots-type supercharger to the Blower engine by engineer Amherst Villiers, who had also produced the supercharger. W. O. Bentley, as chief engineer of the company he had founded, refused to allow the engine to be modified to incorporate the supercharger. As a result, the supercharger was placed at the end of the crankshaft, in front of the radiator. This gave the Blower Bentley an easily recognisable appearance and also increased the car's understeer due to the additional weight at the front.[16] A guard protected the two carburetters located at the compressor intake. Similar protection was used, both in the 4½ Litre and the Blower, for the fuel tank at the rear, because a flying stone punctured the 3 Litre of Frank Clement and John Duff during the first 24 Hours of Le Mans, which contributed to their defeat.[20][21]

The crankshaft, pistons and lubrication system were special to the Blower engine.[10] It produced 175 hp (130 kW) at 3,500 rpm for the touring model[22] and 240 hp (180 kW) at 4,200 rpm for the racing version, which was more power than the Bentley 6½ Litre developed.

In 2019–2020, Bentley scanned all 630 components that made up the Blower so that they could digitally re-create it and create 12 new models.[23][24][25] In December 2020, Bentley Blower Car Zero, the first example of the Blower Continuation Series was presented. The car was built in Crewe according to the historic specifications and based on the production processes of that period.[26]

• 4½ Litre supercharged cars
• 
  Supercharged engine MS3948, a late 1931 replica-bodied car in the Beaulieu National Motor Museum (see external link below)
• 
  S/c engine MS3948 dashboard
• 
  S/c engine MS3948 Another view of the grille, supercharger, and inlets
• 
  A Blower Bentley from the collection of Ralph Lauren.

Bentley racing car "Mother Gun", built 1927, 4.5 L engine.

Bentley 4½ Litre No. 10 took third at the 1929 24 Hours of Le Mans

Between 1927 and 1931 the Bentley 4½ Litre competed in several competitions, primarily the 24 Hours of Le Mans. The first was the Old Mother Gun at the 1927 24 Hours of Le Mans, driven as a prototype before production.[27] Favored to win, it instead crashed and did not finish. Its performance was sufficient for Bentley to decide to start production and deliver the first models the same year.[10]

Far from being the most powerful in the competitions, the 4½ Litre of Woolf Barnato and Bernard Rubin, raced neck and neck against Charles Weymann's Stutz Blackhawk DV16, setting a new record average speed of 111.12 km/h (69 mph); Tim Birkin and Jean Chassagne finished fifth. The next year, three 4½ Litres finished second, third, and fourth behind another Bentley, the Speed Six, which possessed two more cylinders.[13][27][28]

The naturally aspirated 4½ Litre was noted for its good reliability. The supercharged models were not; the two Blower models entered in the 1930 24 Hours of Le Mans by Dorothy Paget, one of which was co-driven by Tim Birkin, did not complete the race.[28] In 1930, Birkin finished second in the French Grand Prix at the Circuit de Pau behind a Bugatti Type 35.[3][13][28] Ettore Bugatti, annoyed by the performance of Bentley, called the 4½ Litre the "fastest lorry in the world." The Type 35 is much lighter and consumes much less petrol.[9][10] Blower Bentleys consume 4 liters per minute at full speed.[21]

Despite the Blower's record of poor reliability, Mildred Bruce, a British female racer, achieved a 24-hour distance record at Montlhéry in one, attaining an average speed of 89.4 mph (143.9 km/h).[29] In 1930, the Daily Herald offered a trophy for the fastest driver at an event at Brooklands. The first year, Tim Birkin and Kaye Don competed and Kaye Don won with a speed of 137.58 mph (221.41 km/h). In 1932, Tim Birkin won driving his red Blower "Monoposto," clocking 137.96 mph (222.03 km/h).[30]

Bentley 4½ Litre at Le Mans

Year	Competition	Position	Drivers	Team	Model
1928	24 Hours of Le Mans	1	Woolf Barnato Bernard Rubin	Bentley Motors Ltd.	Bentley 4½ Litre
1929	24 Hours of Le Mans	2	Jock Lawson Dunfee Glen Kidston	Bentley Motors Ltd.	Bentley 4½ Litre
		3	Dr. Dudley Benjafield André d’Erlanger	Bentley Motors Ltd.	Bentley 4½ Litre
1930	French Grand Prix	2	Sir Henry (Tim) Birkin	Bentley Motors Ltd.	Blower Bentley
	500 miles of Brooklands	2	Dr. Dudley Benjafield Edward R. Hall	Bentley Motors Ltd.	Bentley 4½ Litre

Supercharged car GN1767
mounts Kop Hill 22 September 2013

In November 1931, after selling 720 copies of the 4½ Litre - 655 naturally aspirated and 55 supercharged - in three different models (Tourer, Drophead Coupé and Sporting Four Seater[1]), Bentley was forced to sell his company to Rolls-Royce for £125,175, a victim of the recession that hit Europe following the Wall Street Crash of 1929.[10][31]

1928 Bentley 4½ Litre at Stahls Automotive Collection

As of 2013, Bentley 4½ Litre automobiles from this inter-war period – the "Belle Époque" of the automobile for some [32] – sold for around €1,000,000. Blowers can fetch more than €7 million[33] and are coveted by collectors despite never winning a single race.[10][11][34] For many, the 4½ Litre is to automobiles what the Spitfire is to aircraft.[10][35]

AC/DC singer and car enthusiast Brian Johnson cited the 4½ Litre Le Mans as the best he'd driven: "The first time I saw it, everything went north on us, except me jaw – that went south. I just had to have it. That car, I think, is a masterpiece… [It] was ludicrously expensive – I mean, just crackers."[36]

Ian Fleming's character James Bond drives a 1930 Blower Bentley in three of the 007 Novels, Casino Royale, Live and Let Die and Moonraker.[37] In the books, Bond drives one of the last Blower Bentleys built, a battleship grey Convertible Coupé, with French Marchal headlamps.

• Bellu, Serge (1998). Histoire mondiale de l'automobile (in French). Flammarion. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-2-08-013901-6.
• Bonnafous, Gilles (24 November 2006). "Historique Bentley avant-guerre" (in French). p. 1.
• Bonnafous, Gilles (7 December 2006b). "Bentley et la compétition". Motorlegend (in French). pp. 1–4.
• Bouzanquet, Jean Francois (2009). Fast Ladies: Female Racing Drivers 1888 to 1970. Veloce Publishing. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-84584-225-3.
• Cheetham, Craig (2006). Vintage Cars. Five-View Series. MotorBooks International. ISBN 978-0-7603-2572-8.
• Feast, Richard (2004). "Chapter 3: Vintage Years". The DNA of Bentley. St. Paul MN USA: MotorBooks International. pp. 46–50. ISBN 978-0-7603-1946-8. Retrieved 26 March 2012. W. O.'s answer was the four-cylinder 4 1/2-litre, which was essentially two-thirds of the six-cylinder 6 1/2; its actual engine displacement was 4.4 litres.
• de Geyer d'Orth, Niels (30 October 2008). "Un demi-siècle de James Bond cars". Autonews (in French). Archived from the original on 10 May 2009. Retrieved 18 August 2010.
• Gunnhor, Richard (2006). Supercars : les voitures les plus extraordinaires au monde (in French). Gremese Editore. p. 320. ISBN 978-88-7301-623-6.
• Husband, Stuart (July 2009). "The Fabulous Bentley Boys" (PDF). The Rake. Revolution Press (8): 130–149. Archived from the original (pdf) on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2012. They were a bunch of wild, fabulously wealthy devil-may-carers, united by a love of insouciance, elegant tailoring, and a need for speed, who established Bentley's reputation by revving their sports models past the winning posts of 24 Hours of Le Mans – the world's most famous endurance race – on four straight occasions between 1927 and 1930.
• Johnson, Harvey (Fall 2011). Verschoor, Ron (ed.). "The Eight-Litre: Bentley's Last is Bentley's Best". The Classic Car. Beverley Hills, CA USA: Classic Car Club of America. LIX (3): 3–11. ISSN 0009-8310. The single-overhead-camshaft four-valves-per-cylinder design incorporating a shaft-bevel-gear drive was used in this 3-litre car (as well as in the later 4-1/2-litre cars).
• Martin, Fraser (25 July 2010). "1930 Bentley Blower". Car Middle East. Archived from the original on 29 August 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
• Melissen, Wouter (29 May 2008). "Bentley 4.5 Litre 'Blower' Birkin Monoposto". Ultimatecarpage. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
• Purdy, Ken W. (September 1969). "The Big Green Bentley". Boys' Life. 59 (9): 27, 72–73. ISSN 0006-8608.
• Rogliatti, Gianni (1973). Posthumus, Cyril Posthumus (ed.). Period Cars. Feltham, Middlesex, UK: Hamlyn. p. 132. ISBN 0-600-33401-5.
• Sparke, Penny (2003). Un siècle de design automobile (in French). Flammarion. ISBN 978-2-08-011083-1.[1]
• Vaughan, Daniel (April 2008). "1927 Bentley 4.5 Liter". ConceptCarz.com. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
• "Bentley 4,5 Litre". Christies.com. 2004. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
• "Bentley 4 1/2-Liter "Blower"". Sports Car Market. 31 August 1995. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
• "History By Chassis – List of all W. O. Bentleys with original chassis nos. 4 1/2 Litre (Page 1)". VintageBentleys.Org. Houston, TX USA: Robert McLellan. 2006. Archived from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
• L'Atlas des bolides : 100 ans de voitures de course (in French). Atlas. 2003. p. 240. ISBN 978-2-7234-4315-9.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bentley 4½ Litre.

• Slides easily into Auckland traffic flow (replica of a Birkin Team car
• The original coupé body of the 1931 supercharged Engine MS3948, Chassis MS3946, Reg GY 3905 in the gallery above in 1959