Berbice

In 1720, the five owners[7] of the colony founded the Society of Berbice, akin to the Society of Suriname which governed the neighbouring colony, to raise more capital for the colony. The Society was a public company listed on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange.[8] In the years following, Berbice's economic situation improved, consisting of 12 plantations owned by the society, 93 private plantation along the Berbice River, and 20 plantations along the Canje River.[9]

In 1733, 25 to 30 houses were built around Fort Nassau to house the craftsmen. The next year an inn was added. The village was named New Amsterdam (Dutch: Nieuw Amsterdam).[10] In 1735, a school master was hired to teach the white children.[11] There were medical doctors stationed in New Amsterdam and Fort Nassau, and six local doctors were assigned to the plantations. Epidemics remained a frequent problem in the colony resulting in many deaths.[12]

The religion in the colony was Calvinism.[13] In 1735, a minister was installed in Fort Nassau, but after a personal conflict with the governor, he was transferred to Wiruni Creek.[11] Catholics and Jews were not allowed to become planters or have a government function.[14] In 1738, two missionaries of the Moravian Church had been invited by a planter to teach the people he enslaved. They were treated with suspicion, and received several official warnings. In 1757,[15] the missionaries left, and joined the congregation at the village of Pilgerhut founded in 1740 outside the plantation area, where they lived with 300 Arawak.[16]

The colony had peace and trade treaties with the local Amerindians. This colony did not intervene in wars between the tribes, and no Amerindian was allowed to be taken into slavery unless they were sold by the Kalina or the Arawak and captured from the interior of the country.[17]

Berbice was supposed to be guarded by 60 soldiers in Fort Nassau, and another 20 to 30 soldiers in other locations.[18] Even when not under attack, wars often caused supply problems. In 1670s, the colony had not been supplied for 17 months,[19] and neutrality as during the Seven Years' War could not prevent supply shortages.[20]

The relatively sound economic situation of the colony was dealt a severe blow when a slave uprising broke out under the leadership of Coffy in February 1763.[21] The enslaved people captured the south of the colony while the whites, who were severely outnumbered, tried to hang on the north. The uprising went on until well into 1764, with Coffy naming himself governor of Berbice. Only with the use of brute force and military aid by neighbouring colonies and the Netherlands was governor Wolfert Simon van Hoogenheim able to finally suppress the uprising, and restore the colony to Dutch rule.[9][22]

The uprising led to a steep population decline,[23] abandonment and destruction of many plantations, and serious financial problems for the Society.[24] Fort Nassau had been set on fire to prevent it falling into enemy hands.[25] In 1785 the village was abandoned in favour of Fort Sint Andries, situated more downstream, at the confluence of the Canje River. The new village was again named New Amsterdam, and is still known by that name in contemporary Guyana.[26]

On 27 February 1781, British forces occupied Berbice and neighbouring Demerara and Essequibo as part of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, because 34 out of 93 plantations in Berbice were under British ownership.[27] In January 1782, the colonies were recaptured by the French, who were allied with the Dutch, and who subsequently restored the colonies to Dutch rule with the Treaty of Paris of 1783.[28]

The colony was on 22 April 1796 again captured by Britain, however this time without a fight. A deal was struck with the colony: all laws and customs could remain, and the citizens were equal to British citizens. Any government official who swore loyalty to the British crown could remain in function.[29] Abraham van Batenburg decided to remain governor. Many plantation owners from Barbados settled in the colony, doubling the slave population.[30] The British now remained in possession of the colony until 27 March 1802, when Berbice was restored to the Batavian Republic under the terms of the Treaty of Amiens.[31] In 1803, there was a mutiny of soldiers who complained about the rations. They occupied Fort Sint Andries, and raised the Union Jack with a piece of meat on top. The remaining soldiers aided by Suriname and the Amerindians put down the revolt, and executed five soldiers.[32]

In September 1803 the British occupied the territory again, this time for good,[33] and once again without a fight.[34] Abraham van Batenburg, who had been exiled to Europe in 1803, returned for his second term as governor.[35] In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814, the colony was formally ceded to the United Kingdom,[31] and with the ratification of this treaty by the Netherlands on 20 November 1815, all Dutch legal claims to the colony were rescinded.[36] The plantations and the enslaved people of the Society of Berbice remained under their ownership,[4] but they had already made a decision to sell their possessions in 1795,[37] and they closed their offices in 1821.[4]

In 1812, the colonies of Demerara and Essequibo had been merged into the colony of Demerara-Essequibo.[31] As part of the reforms of the newly acquired colonies on the South American mainland, the British merged Berbice with Demerara-Essequibo on 21 July 1831, forming the new crown colony of British Guiana, now Guyana.[33]

In 1838, Berbice was made one of the three counties of Guiana, the other two being Demerara and Essequibo.[38] In 1958, the county was abolished when Guiana was subdivided into districts.[38]

Historical Berbice was split in 1958[39] to make new Guyanese administrative regions and the name is preserved in the regions of East Berbice-Corentyne, Mahaica-Berbice, and Upper Demerara-Berbice.[38]

Berbice Creole Dutch, a Dutch creole language based on the lexicon and grammar of the West African language Ijo, was spoken until well into the 20th century. In 2005, the last known speaker died. The language was declared extinct in 2010.[40]

• Matthijs Bergenaar (1666–1671)
• Cornelis Marinus (1671–1683)
• Gideon Bourse (1683–1684)
• Lucas Coudrie (1684–1687)
• Matthijs de Feer (1687–1712)
• Steven de Waterman (1712–1714)
• Anthony Tierens (1714–1733)

• Bernhardt Waterman (1733–1740)[41]
• Jan Andries Lossner (1740–1749)[41]
• Jan Frederik Colier (1749–1755)[41]
• Hendrik Jan van Rijswijck (1755–1759)[41]
• Wolfert Simon van Hoogenheim (1760–1764)[41]
• Johan Heijlinger (1765–1767)[41]
• Stephen Hendrik de la Sabloniere (1768–1773)
• Johan Christoffel de Winter (1773–1774)
• Isaac Kaecks (1774–1777)
• Peter Hendrik Koppiers (first term) (1778–27 February 1781)
• Robert Kingston (27 February 1781 – 1782)
• Louis Antoine Dazemard de Lusignan (1782)
• Armand Guy Simon de Coëtnempren, Count of Kersaint (1782)
• Georges Manganon de la Perrière (1783–1784)
• Peter Hendrik Koppiers (second term) (1784–1789)
• Abraham Jacob van Imbijze van Batenburg (first term, acting until 1794) (1789–1796)
• J. C. W. Herlin and G. Kobus (acting) (27 March 1802 – September 1803)

• Abraham Jacob van Imbijze van Batenburg (1796–1802)[30]
• Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Nicholson (1803–1804)[42]
• Abraham Jacob van Imbijze van Batenburg (second term) (June 1804 – 1805)[42]
• Brigadier-General James Montgomerie (1805–1806)
• Henry William Bentinck (1806–1807)
• Brigadier-General Robert Nicholson (1807–1808)
• Major-General Samuel Dalrymple (1808–1809)
• Lieutenant-Colonel Andrew Ross (1808–1809)
• Henry William Bentinck (1809–1810)
• Major-General Samuel Dalrymple (1810)
• Henry William Bentinck (1810–1812)
• Major-General Hugh Lyle Carmichael (1812–1813)
• Colonel Edward Codd (1813)
• Major-General John Murray (1813–1815)
• Henry William Bentinck (1814–1815)
• Colonel Edward Codd (1815)
• Henry William Bentinck (1815–1820)
• Major-General John Murray (1815–1824)
• Henry Beard (1821–21 July 1831)