Bloc Québécois

The Bloc Québécois (BQ; French pronunciation: [blɔk kebekwa], "Quebecer Bloc") is a federal political party in Canada devoted to Quebec nationalism and the promotion of Quebec sovereignty.[4] The Bloc was formed by Members of Parliament (MPs) who defected from the federal Progressive Conservative Party and Liberal Party during the collapse of the Meech Lake Accord. Founder Lucien Bouchard had been a cabinet minister in the federal Progressive Conservative government of Brian Mulroney.

Bloc Québécois
LeaderYves-François Blanchet
PresidentYves Perron
FounderLucien Bouchard
Founded15 June 1991 (1991-06-15)
Split fromProgressive Conservatives,
Liberals
Headquarters3750, Boulevard Crémazie Est
Suite 502
Montreal, Quebec
H2A 1B6
Youth wingForum jeunesse du Bloc Québécois
Membership (2014)19,000 [1]
Ideology
Political positionCentre-left[3]
ColoursLight blue
Senate
0 / 105
House of Commons
32 / 338
Website
www.blocquebecois.org

The Bloc seeks to create the conditions necessary for the political secession of Quebec from Canada and campaigns actively only within the province during federal elections. The party has been described as social democratic[5] and separatist (or "sovereigntist").[6][7] The Bloc supports the Kyoto Protocol,[8][9] abortion rights,[10] LGBTQ+ rights,[11] legalization of assisted suicide,[12] abolition of the Canadian Senate,[13] abolition of the monarchy,[14] the Quebec Secularism law,[15] and supports exempting Quebec from the requirements of the Multiculturalism Act.[16]

From the 1993 federal election until 2011, the Bloc was the largest party in Quebec and either the second- or third-largest party in the House of Commons through seven straight federal elections. The 2011 election saw the party win just four seats and lose official party status after a wave of support for the New Democratic Party. By 2014, the party had been reduced to two seats because of resignations and expulsions. In the 2015 election, the Bloc won 10 seats, even though the party's leader Gilles Duceppe failed to win a seat. In the 2019 election, the party won 32 seats, regaining official party status as a result. In the 2021 election, their seat count remained the same as the 2019 election. Due to the 2019 and 2021 elections resulting in a Liberal minority government, the Bloc shares the balance of power with the New Democratic Party.

The Bloc has strong informal ties to the Parti Québécois (PQ, whose members are known as Péquistes), a provincial party that advocates for the secession of Quebec from Canada and its independence, but the two are not linked organizationally. As with its provincial counterpart, the Bloc Québécois has been supported by a wide range of voters in Quebec, from sections of organized labour to more conservative rural voters.[17][18] Members and supporters are known in French as Bloquistes (pronounced [blɔkist]).

Positions and ideologies

An incomplete list of Bloc Québécois political positions. Among other things the Bloc Québécois has advocated:

During the 2015 Canadian federal election, the Bloc Québécois supported banning the face covering during the citizenship ceremony and voting.[25][26][27]

History

Origins
Lucien Bouchard became founding leader of the Bloc Québécois in 1990.

The Bloc Québécois was formed in 1990 as an informal coalition of Progressive Conservative and Liberal Members of Parliament from Quebec, who left their original parties around the time of the defeat of the Meech Lake Accord. The party was intended to be temporary and was given the goal of the promotion of sovereignty at the federal level. The party aimed to disband following a successful referendum on secession from Canada. As with most parties, it has gained and lost prominent supporters over the years.[28]

The initial coalition that led to the Bloc was headed by Lucien Bouchard, who had been federal Minister of the Environment in the Progressive Conservative government of Brian Mulroney.[28] Bouchard abandoned the government in May 1990 in response to the report of a commission headed by Jean Charest that suggested changes to the Meech Lake Accord. Bouchard felt the recommendations for change undermined the objectives and spirit of the accord. According to The Secret Mulroney Tapes he was fired by Prime Minister Mulroney. Bouchard was joined by five of his fellow Tories (Nic Leblanc, Louis Plamondon, Benoît Tremblay, Gilbert Chartrand, and François Gérin), along with two Liberals (Gilles Rocheleau and Jean Lapierre). The first Bloquiste candidate to be elected was Gilles Duceppe, then a union organizer, in a by-election for the Montreal riding of Laurier—Sainte-Marie on 13 August 1990.[28][29] He ran as an independent, since the Bloc had not been registered as a federal party.

First election and Official Opposition
Logo of the Bloc Québécois in the 1990s to 2000s

In the 1993 federal election, the Bloc won 54 seats (out of 75) in Quebec, sweeping nearly all of the francophone ridings. Because the opposition vote in the rest of Canada was split between the Reform Party, the Progressive Conservative Party, and the New Democratic Party, the Bloc narrowly won the second largest number of seats in the House of Commons, and therefore became the official opposition. While Reform finished second in the national popular vote, the Bloc's heavy concentration of support in Quebec was slightly larger than Reform's concentration in the West.[30]

Soon after the 35th Parliament convened, Bouchard announced that Bloquiste MPs would only speak French on the floor of the House of Commons, a policy that remains in force to this day. This was out of necessity; although Bouchard and most of the Bloc's founding members were fluently bilingual in French and English, Bouchard had discovered that most of his large caucus could not speak English well enough to use it in debate.

The election of such a relatively large number of Bloquistes was the first of The Three Periods, a plan intended to lay out the way to sovereignty created by PQ leader Jacques Parizeau. Parizeau became Premier of Quebec in the Quebec election of 1994 (the second of the Three Periods).

Because the Bloc was the official opposition, it had considerable privileges over the other parties although all of its MPs had been elected in one province. For instance, Question Periods during the 35th Parliament were dominated by issues of national unity. However, the governing Liberals regarded Reform as their main opposition on non-Quebec matters. Also, in 1995, when Bouchard garnered an invitation to meet visiting US President Bill Clinton by virtue of being Opposition Leader, Reform leader Preston Manning was also given a meeting with Clinton in order to defuse Bouchard's separatist leverage.[31]

1995 Quebec referendum and aftermath

In 1995, the PQ government called the second referendum on independence in Quebec history. The Bloc entered the campaign for the Oui (Yes) side (in favour of sovereignty). The Oui side's campaign had a difficult beginning, so the leadership of the campaign was shifted from PQ leader Jacques Parizeau to Bloc leader Lucien Bouchard. Bouchard was seen as more charismatic and more moderate, and therefore more likely to attract voters.[32]

A "tripartite agreement" mapping out the plan for accession to independence was written and signed by the leaders of the Parti Québécois, the Bloc Québécois and the Action démocratique du Québec on 12 June 1995.[33] It revived René Lévesque's notion that the referendum should be followed by the negotiating of an association agreement between an independent Quebec and the rest of Canada. This provision was inspired by Bouchard. Parizeau had previously wanted a vote simply on independence. The difference became moot when 50.6% of voters taking part in the referendum rejected the sovereignty plan. An overwhelming "Non" vote in Montreal tipped the balance.[34][35]

The day after the referendum, Parizeau announced his pending resignation as PQ leader and Premier of Quebec. Bouchard left federal politics and succeeded Parizeau in both posts on 26 January 1996.[36][37][38]

Following Bouchard's departure from Ottawa, Michel Gauthier became leader of the Bloc. In the wake of the referendum defeat, Gauthier proved unable to hold the fractious caucus together and resigned as leader just one year later. Gilles Duceppe, who had served as interim leader between Bouchard and Gauthier, became leader of the Bloc in 1997.[39][40]

Party under Gilles Duceppe
Gilles Duceppe became the first Bloc MP in 1990; he served as leader from 1997 to 2011.

In the 1997 federal election, the Bloc Québécois dropped to 44 seats, losing official opposition status to the Reform Party. The 1997–2000 term was marked by the Bloc's fight against the passage of the Clarity Act, the attempt by Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien (himself a Quebecer who represented a strongly nationalist riding) and Stéphane Dion, a Quebec minister in Chrétien's cabinet, to codify the Supreme Court of Canada's 1998 decision that Quebec could not secede unilaterally.[41]

In the 2000 election, the Bloc dropped further to 38 seats, despite polling a larger percentage of the vote than at the previous election. One factor was the forced merger of several major Quebec cities, such as Montreal, Quebec City and Hull/Gatineau. The merger was very unpopular in those areas, resulting in Liberal wins in several of the merged areas. This was still more than the number of seats the Liberals had won in Quebec. However, the Liberals won several subsequent by-elections during the life of the 37th Parliament, until the Liberals had held the majority of Quebec's seats in the Commons for the first time since the 1984 federal election. From then to the subsequent election, the Bloc continued to denounce the federal government's interventions in what the Bloc saw as exclusively provincial jurisdictions. The Bloc credits its actions for the uncovering of what has since become the sponsorship scandal.[42]

The Bloc continued to slide in most of the 2003 opinion polls following the 2003 Quebec election which was won by the federalist Quebec Liberal Party led by Jean Charest. However, things changed during the winter of 2003. The federalist Charest government lost popularity. Then, in February 2004, the Auditor General of Canada uncovered the sponsorship scandal, suggesting illegality in the spending of federal monies in Quebec in support of Canadian unity. As well, the Liberal government of Jean Chrétien passed party financing legislation that resulted in the Bloc receiving millions of dollars in subsidies that helped to stabilize its organization.[43]

For the 2004 election the Bloc adopted the slogan Un parti propre au Québec, a play on words that can be translated either as "A party of Quebec's own" ("a party proper to Quebec") or as "A clean party in Quebec". The Bloc won 54 seats in the House of Commons, tying its previous record from the 1993 campaign. For the 2006 election, the Bloc used the slogan Heureusement, ici, c'est le Bloc! ("Fortunately, the Bloc is here!").[44] The Bloc were expected to easily win more than 60 seats at the start of the campaign, and they did in fact take six seats from the Liberals. However, the unexpected surge of the new Conservative Party of Canada in parts of Quebec, particularly in and around Quebec City, led to the Bloc losing eight seats to the Tories. Coupled with an additional loss to André Arthur, an independent candidate, the Bloc recorded a net loss of three seats.[45]

The Conservative Party won a plurality of seats in the House of Commons, thus forming a minority government. There was persistent speculation as to the possibility of the Bloc forming alliances with other opposition parties to wrest the government away from the Conservatives. Duceppe, whose leadership was confirmed after the election, maintained that the Bloc would continue to co-operate with other opposition parties or with the government when this advantaged Quebec, but would not participate in a federal government.

On 2 May 2006, a poll revealed that for the first time, the Conservatives were ahead of the Bloc among Quebec voters (34% against 31%). Duceppe announced the Bloc would support Prime Minister Stephen Harper's budget that same day. By October polls showed that the Bloc was up to mid forties whereas the Conservatives fell into the teens behind Liberals in their poll numbers in Quebec.

Gilles Duceppe announced on 11 May 2007 that he would run for the leadership of the Parti Québécois to replace André Boisclair, who resigned on 8 May 2007, after the poor performance in the March 2007 Quebec provincial election and internal dissent forced him to step down. Duceppe announced the next day that he was withdrawing from the race, and that he would support Pauline Marois who had also announced her intention to run.[46]

The Bloc made slight gains following the 2008 federal elections as they won 49 seats, one more than the number they had before the previous parliament was dissolved. In that election, they used the slogan "Présent pour le Québec" ("Present for Quebec"). Although they made small gains in relation to the number of seats at dissolution, they fell by 2 seats to 49 in comparison to the 51 they received in 2006. Also, the proportion of popular votes in the province was down 4 points to 38.1%, the Bloc's lowest score since 1997.

In a speech in front of his supporters following the election, BQ leader Gilles Duceppe claimed to have achieved his objectives, adding: "without the Bloc Québécois tonight, Mr. Harper would have formed a majority government".[47]

At the end of November 2008, the Bloc indicated that it would support a possible motion of no confidence against the governing Conservatives by the two other opposition parties, and would support the resulting Liberal-NDP coalition government at least until June 2010, without actually being part of the government.[48]

Coalition attempt

On 26 March 2011, Bloc Québécois leader Duceppe stated that Conservative leader Stephen Harper had in 2004 tried to form a coalition government with the Bloc and NDP in response to Harper's allegations that the Liberals intended to form a coalition with the Bloc and the NDP.[49] Two months after the 2004 federal election, Stephen Harper privately met with BQ leader Gilles Duceppe and New Democratic Party leader Jack Layton in a Montreal hotel.[50] On 9 September 2004, the three signed a letter addressed to then-Governor General Adrienne Clarkson, stating,

We respectfully point out that the opposition parties, who together constitute a majority in the House, have been in close consultation. We believe that, should a request for dissolution arise, this should give you cause, as constitutional practice has determined, to consult the opposition leaders and consider all of your options before exercising your constitutional authority.[50]

On the same day the letter was written, the three party leaders held a joint press conference at which they expressed their intent to co-operate on changing parliamentary rules, and to request that the governor general consult with them before deciding to call an election.[51] At the news conference, Harper said: "It is the Parliament that's supposed to run the country, not just the largest party and the single leader of that party. That's a criticism I've had and that we've had and that most Canadians have had for a long, long time now so this is an opportunity to start to change that." However, at the time, Harper and the two other opposition leaders denied trying to form a coalition government, despite the letter written to the governor general.[50] Harper said, "This is not a coalition, but this is a co-operative effort."[51]

One month later, on 4 October 2004, journalist Mike Duffy, (later appointed as a Conservative senator by Harper in December 2008), said "It is possible that you could change prime minister without having an election", and that some Conservatives wanted Harper as prime minister. The next day Layton walked out on talks with Harper and Duceppe, accusing them of trying to replace Paul Martin with Harper as prime minister. Both Bloc and Conservative officials denied Layton's accusations.[50]

Loss of official party status

In the 2011 federal election, in the wake of a surge of support for the New Democratic Party, the Bloc received less than a quarter of the popular vote in Quebec (and less than 6% of the national vote). It lost 44 of the 47 seats it held at parliament's dissolution, and only added one seat, which had been vacated by a Bloc Québécois member six months prior to the election. The seats lost included that of Duceppe, who resigned as party president and leader. It also lost all but one of its seats in Montreal.

By winning only four seats the Bloc failed to reach the minimum of 12 seats required for official party status in the House of Commons. MPs without official party status are treated as independents and must sit in the back row of the opposition benches. They are permitted just a few questions each week in question period and cannot sit as voting members on parliamentary committees.[52][53]

Elected to Parliament in this election were incumbents Louis Plamondon, André Bellavance, Maria Mourani and rookie MP Jean-François Fortin. When the 41st Parliament convened on 2 June 2011, Plamondon became the Bloc's interim parliamentary leader.[54] Vivian Barbot served as interim leader and party president following Duceppe's resignation until the party's 2011 leadership election.[55]

The Bloc Québécois leadership election campaign to choose a permanent successor to Duceppe began on 17 September 2011 and concluded on 11 December[56] with the election of former MP for Hochelaga Daniel Paillé as party leader.[57][58] Plamondon, the longest-serving member of the Commons, served as parliamentary leader during Paillé's tenure as he did not have a seat.

On 28 February 2013, Claude Patry defected from the New Democratic Party and joined the Bloc, citing his disagreement with the New Democratic Party on the subject of Quebec sovereignty, bringing the party's total seats in Parliament up to five.[59]

The caucus fell back to 4 MPs on 12 September 2013 when Mourani, the party's only remaining member from Montreal, was expelled for her comments criticizing the Parti Québécois government's proposed Charter of Quebec Values.[60]

Paillé stepped down as leader on 16 December 2013 because of health reasons.[61] A leadership election was held the following June.[62]

Hardliner Mario Beaulieu, a former president of the Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste who had never been either a Member of Parliament or a member of Quebec's National Assembly, was elected party leader after running on a platform of prioritizing Quebec independence above all else. He defeated BQ Member of Parliament André Bellavance, who had campaigned on a platform of broadening the Bloc beyond being a coalition of sovereigntists and had been endorsed by the rest of the party's caucus.[63]

On 12 August 2014, the caucus was reduced to three MPs when the Bloc's interim parliamentary leader, Jean-François Fortin, quit the party to sit as an independent saying that the Bloc Québécois he had joined no longer exists and that Beaulieu had destroyed its credibility.[64] On 25 August 2014, former interim parliamentary leader and failed leadership contender André Bellavance also resigned, reducing the Bloc to two MPs – one of whom, Claude Patry, had announced that he would not run for re-election.[65] On 31 December 2014, the party's vice president, Annie Lessard, resigned after a personality conflict with leader Mario Beaulieu.[66]

Return and departure of Duceppe

With two seats left in parliament, and with the party languishing in the polls a few months before an expected election campaign, it was announced 10 June 2015 that Gilles Duceppe would be returning to lead the party into the campaign; Beaulieu would relinquish the leadership but remain party president.[67] The party executive agreed on 9 June 2015, to split the positions of president and party leader in order to facilitate Duceppe's return. The changes were approved by the party's general council on 1 July.[68][69][70]

Results of the 2015 Canadian federal election showing support for Bloc Québécois candidates by riding

During the 2015 federal election the Bloc Québécois had hoped to pick up seats from the collapsing NDP vote; however, most Quebecers instead switched their allegiance to the Liberals and Conservatives rather than back to the Bloc. While the Bloc managed to win 10 seats, more than twice that of the previous election, it was not enough to gain official party status. The party's share of the popular vote in Quebec fell to 19%, its lowest point up until that time. As in 2011, Duceppe failed to win his own seat, and resigned again as party leader.[71]

Party under Martine Ouellet

The party was led on an interim basis by Rhéal Fortin until the Bloc Québécois leadership election in March 2017 acclaimed Martine Ouellet, a member of the provincial National Assembly of Quebec, as party leader.[72] Ouellet is not a Member of Parliament and intended to see out her term in the provincial legislature until the next provincial election in October 2018.

On 28 February 2018, seven of the Bloc's ten MPs quit the party's caucus to form the Groupe parlementaire québécois (later called Québec debout) citing conflicts with Ouellet's leadership style and her insistence that the Bloc should emphasize promoting Quebec independence over "defending Quebec's interests".[73][74] Three MPs remained in the Bloc's caucus: Mario Beaulieu (La Pointe-de-l'Île), Xavier Barsalou-Duval (Pierre-Boucher—Les Patriotes—Verchères), and Marilène Gill (Manicouagan).

More than 20 ex-Bloc MPs, including Gilles Duceppe, issued an open letter supporting the seven current MPs who had resigned from caucus and demanding Ouellet's resignation.[75] Nevertheless, after a lengthy meeting, the party's executive issued a statement supporting Ouellet's leadership but also stating that the seven rebels could keep their Bloc Québécois memberships and would not be expelled from the party for quitting the caucus, inviting them to return to the caucus in the future.[76] A Léger Marketing poll conducted shortly after put the Bloc Quebecois at 12 per cent among Quebec voters, its lowest rating ever. Following an election this would likely translate into zero seats, putting the survival of the party into question for the 2019 federal election.[77]

A leadership review referendum was held on Ouellet's leadership on 1 and 2 June 2018[78] resulting in the party membership rejecting her leadership by 67%, while a proposal that the party prioritize Quebec independence on a daily basis above all other issues also passed with 65% support. Ouellet subsequently announced her resignation as party leader effective 11 June 2018.[79][80]

Following the announcement of Ouellet's resignation, MPs Michel Boudrias and Simon Marcil announced they would rejoin the party,[81] while party president and MP Mario Beaulieu was named Ouelett's successor on an interim basis until her successor could be chosen.[82] On 22 August 2018, as part of an agreement to reunite the party, Beaulieu ceded the party presidency to Yves Perron; on 17 September 2018, the remaining MPs who had defected from the Bloc rejoined the party and dissolved their breakaway group, Québec debout.[83]

Party under Yves-François Blanchet

As the only candidate to have entered the race by 15 January 2019 deadline, former Parti Québécois cabinet minister Yves-François Blanchet was named leader on 17 January 2019.[84] Since Blanchet became leader the BQ has seen their support increasing in Quebec during the 2019 federal election which some considered to have exceeded expectations.[85][86] The BQ increased its number of seats from 10 in 2015, to 32 seats in 2019, both over taking the NDP to become the third largest party in Canada and regaining official party status.[87]

In the 2021 Canadian federal election, the BQ led by Blanchet won 32 seats, unchanged from the prior election.[88][89]

The Bloc Québécois held a leadership confidence vote in May 2023. Blanchet won 97% of the vote.[90]

Relationship with the Parti Québécois

The Parti Québécois has close ties to the Bloc and shares its principal objective of independence for Quebec. The two parties have backed each other during election campaigns, and prominent members of each party often attend and speak at the other's public events. In addition, the majority of each party's membership holds membership in both parties. However, on an organizational level the parties are separate entities – the Bloc is not the federal wing of the Parti Québécois, nor the PQ the provincial wing of the Bloc.

Lucien Bouchard has been the leader of both parties. Michel Gauthier, once Bloc's leader, was a PQ member of the National Assembly of Quebec from 1981 until 1988. Former party leader Daniel Paillé was also a PQ member of the National Assembly of Quebec from 1994 to 1996, and a BQ member of Parliament from 2009 to 2011.

In June 2014, Mario Beaulieu, a former PQ riding president and Bloc candidate, was elected leader of the Bloc Québécois. Notwithstanding his previous ties to both parties, Beaulieu has been critical of what he sees as a too timid approach to sovereignty by both the Bloc and PQ. Beaulieu's election as Bloc leader was more warmly received by the PQ's rival party, Option nationale, than by the PQ.[91][92][93]

Martine Ouellet was a PQ MNA from 2010 until 2017 and ran twice for the PQ leadership. She continued to sit in the Quebec National Assembly, as an Independent MNA, after she was elected Bloc leader.

In the 2015 election, Parti Québécois leader Pierre Karl Péladeau officially endorsed the Bloc, despite earlier calling the party useless.[94] Several incumbent PQ MNAs including Bernard Drainville,[95] Stéphane Bergeron,[96] Maka Kotto,[97] Dave Turcotte[98] and Agnès Maltais[99] also endorsed the Bloc and campaigned for local candidates.

Party leaders
See also: Bloc Québécois leadership elections
Election Portrait Name Term start Term end Riding while leader Notes
—Lucien Bouchard
(b. 1938)		25 July 199016 January 1996Lac-Saint-JeanFirst leader
Leader of the Opposition (1993–1996)
InterimGilles Duceppe16 January 199617 February 1996Laurier—Sainte-MarieInterim leader
Leader of the Opposition (1996)
1996Michel Gauthier
(1950–2020)		17 February 199615 March 1997Roberval—Lac-Saint-JeanLeader of the Opposition (1996–1997)
Gauthier resigned in March 1997.
1997Gilles Duceppe
(b. 1947)		15 March 19972 May 2011Laurier—Sainte-MarieDuceppe resigned as party leader after the 2011 election, in which he lost his own seat.
InterimVivian Barbot2 May 201111 December 2011None
(had just lost in Papineau)		 Served as interim leader and president of the party.[55] Louis Plamondon was acting leader in the House of Commons. Barbot became the first person of a visible minority group to lead a Canadian federal political party with parliamentary representation.
2011Daniel Paillé
(b. 1950)		11 December 201116 December 2013None
(had just lost in Hochelaga)		 Stepped down as leader on 16 December 2013 because of health reasons.[61]
vacantvacant16 December 201325 June 2014N/A André Bellavance was acting leader in the House of Commons until 26 February 2014, when he declared his candidacy for leader.[100] Jean-François Fortin replaced Bellavance as leader in the House of Commons. Party vice president Annie Lessard was the acting president of the party.[101]
2014Mario Beaulieu
(b. 1959)		25 June 201410 June 2015None Beaulieu relinquished the party leadership on 10 June 2015 but remained party president.[67]
AppointedGilles Duceppe10 June 2015[102]22 October 2015None
(had just lost in Laurier—Sainte-Marie)		 Returned as leader but not as party president.[67] Appointed leader by party executive on 10 June; appointment ratified by the party's general council on 1 July.[68][69]
InterimRhéal Fortin22 October 201518 March 2017Rivière-du-Nord
2017Martine Ouellet
(b. 1969)		18 March 201711 June 2018Vachon (National Assembly of Quebec) Ouellet continued to sit as an Independent MNA in the National Assembly of Quebec after being elected BQ leader and intended to serve out her term as an MNA until the October 2018 provincial election.
She resigned as leader after being defeated in a leadership review in June 2018.
vacant11 June 201813 June 2018
InterimMario Beaulieu13 June 201817 January 2019La Pointe-de-l'Île Named interim leader two days after the resignation of Martine Ouellet.
2019Yves-François Blanchet
(b. 1965)		17 January 2019presentBeloeil—Chambly Elected without opposition.

Party presidents (2014–present)

Until 2015, the party leader was also party president.

Portrait Name Term start Term end Notes
Mario Beaulieu
(b. 1959)		25 June 201422 August 2018 Beaulieu relinquished the party leadership on 10 June 2015 but remained party president. Also served as interim leader from 13 June 2018 to 17 January 2019.[67]
Yves Perron22 August 2018present

Electoral performance

Popular vote in Canada

Election Leader Votes  % of vote Total seats
Position Seats Status
1993 Lucien Bouchard 1,846,024 13.5
54 / 295
 2nd Increase 44 Official Opposition
1997 Gilles Duceppe 1,385,821 10.7
44 / 301
 Decrease 3rd Decrease 10 Third party
2000 1,377,727 10.7
38 / 301
 Steady 3rd Decrease 6 Third party
2004 1,680,109 12.4
54 / 308
 Steady 3rd Increase 16 Third party
2006 1,553,201 10.5
51 / 308
 Steady 3rd Decrease 3 Third party
2008 1,379,628 10.0
49 / 308
 Steady 3rd Decrease 2 Third party
2011 889,788 6.0
4 / 308
 Decrease 4th Decrease 45 No status
2015 818,652 4.7
10 / 338
 Steady 4th Increase 6 No status
2019 Yves-François Blanchet 1,387,030 7.6
32 / 338
 Increase 3rd Increase 22 Third party
2021 1,301,598 7.6
32 / 338
 Steady 3rd Steady Third party

See also

References
  1. "Don Macpherson: Bloc Québécois's woes bode ill for sovereignty movement". Archived from the original on 2 September 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  2. Dickerson, M. O.; Thomas Flanagan; Brenda O'Neill (2009). An Introduction to Government and Politics: A Conceptual Approach (8 ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-17-650042-9.
  3. Linda Trimble; Jane Arscott; Manon Tremblay (31 May 2013). Stalled: The Representation of Women in Canadian Governments. UBC Press. p. 258. ISBN 978-0-7748-2522-1.
  4. "Bloc Quebecois could change name as sovereigntist party looks to rebuild".
  5. The BQ is described as social-democratic:
  6. Rand Dyck (8 March 2011). Canadian Politics: Concise. Cengage Learning. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-17-650343-7.
  7. Geoffrey Evans; Nan Dirk de Graaf (28 March 2013). Political Choice Matters: Explaining the Strength of Class and Religious Cleavages in Cross-National Perspective. Oxford University Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-19-966399-6.
  8. "Opposition MPs pass Kyoto bill despite Tory resistance". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 14 February 2007. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  9. "Prentice defends oilsands following National Geographic article". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 25 February 2009. Archived from the original on 23 November 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
  10. "Motion on when life begins splits Conservative caucus". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 27 September 2012. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  11. "Commons approves transgender rights bill". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 March 2013. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
  12. "Assisted suicide voted down by MPs". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 21 April 2010. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  13. "MPs vote against NDP motion to abolish Senate". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 6 March 2013. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
  14. "Programme du Bloc Québécois (Page 10)" (PDF). 3 August 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  15. "Bloc Quebecois" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  16. Bélisle, Sarah (9 November 2018). "Le multiculturalisme finalement là pour rester au Québec". Le Journal de Montréal. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  17. "Boisclair gets emotional talking about homophobia". CTV News. 4 March 2007. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  18. "Results suggest rift between urban, rural voters". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 24 January 2006. Archived from the original on 6 August 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  19. "Leader Mario Beaulieu wants to bring immigrants to the separatist cause". Times Colonist. The Canadian Press. 22 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  20. "MPs reject Clarity Act repeal in 283–5 vote". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 6 March 2013. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
  21. "Trudeau knocks Mulcair for 50-plus-1 stance on separation". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
  22. Heinrich, Jeff (20 April 2013). "Bloc Québécois look to future for success". The Gazette. Montreal. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  23. "Trudeau offers $5.2 billion bailout for Newfoundland and Labrador's beleaguered Muskrat Falls hydro dam". The Narwhal (Victoria, BC). 29 July 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2022. Meanwhile, the Bloc Quebecois is decidedly against the bailout. It sees the money as an unfair advantage to N.L., because Hydro-Quebec and Nalcor are both Crown corporations with significant hydropower competing for New England markets..."In launching this project, the Newfoundland government made no secret of the fact that its objective was to harm Quebec, bypass Quebec territory and compete with Hydro-Quebec on export markets. "By announcing such funding, the government of Justin Trudeau is directly attacking Hydro-Quebec, which has been trying for several years to increase its electricity sales in the United States, one of the markets targeted by Muskrat Falls," the statement also reads. Hydro-Quebec declined comment.
  24. "Le Bloc québécois demande d'exempter le Québec de la Loi sur le multiculturalisme". Le Devoir (in French). 27 May 2008. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  25. Shingler, Benjamin (18 September 2015). "Bloc Québécois targets NDP over niqabs, pipelines in controversial new ad". CBC News. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  26. "Bloc Québécois anti-niqab ad takes aim at NDP". CBC News. 26 February 2015. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  27. "Fact Check: How meaningful is Bloc promise to ban veiled voting, oath taking?". CTV News. 25 September 2015.
  28. "The Bloc Québécois through the years". The Globe and Mail. 3 May 2011. Archived from the original on 8 May 2011. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  29. "DUCEPPE, Gilles". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 28 February 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  30. "Bloc Québécois forms the Opposition in 1993 election". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Digital Archives. 26 October 1993. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  31. Warren Caragata in Ottawa with Carl Mollins in Washington (6 March 1995). "Clinton visits Chrétien". Maclean's. Archived from the original on 28 April 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  32. "The 1995 Quebec referendum: Turning the 'Yes' tide". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 30 October 1995. Archived from the original on 11 February 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  33. "1995 Quebec referendum: A "Yes" alliance". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 12 June 1995. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  34. Cardinal, Mario (2005). Breaking Point: Quebec, Canada, The 1995 Referendum. Montreal: Bayard Canada Books. p. 405. ISBN 2-89579-068-X.
  35. "DGEQ October 30, 1995 Results". Le Directeur général des élections du Québec. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  36. Pearlstein, Steven (1 December 1998). "Separatists Win Quebec Elections". Washington Post. Washington Post Foreign Service. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  37. The Canadian Press, "Charest takes Liberal reins: New leader heaps scorn on Quebec separatists," Calgary Herald May 1, 1998, pg. A.4.
  38. Turner, Craig (20 September 1997). "Provinces Brainstorm on Issue of Quebec Secession". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  39. "Duceppe resigns as Bloc leader after losing riding". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. 24 August 2012. Archived from the original on 5 May 2011.
  40. Chung, Andrew (3 May 2011). "Duceppe resigns as Bloc Québécois drowns in an orange tsunami". The Star. Toronto. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012.
  41. Dion, Stéphane (7 February 2013). "Stéphane Dion: Quebeckers want more clarity than 50% plus one". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  42. "Federal sponsorship scandal". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 October 2006. Archived from the original on 15 May 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  43. "Political contributions: money, money, money". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 5 June 2006. Archived from the original on 1 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  44. "BQ_DepEthno – anglais" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2006.
  45. "Conservatives make breakthrough in Quebec; Bloc wins 51 seats". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 24 January 2006. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  46. "Duceppe drops out of PQ race". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 12 May 2007. Archived from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  47. "Harper 'very pleased' with stronger minority". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 October 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  48. "Liberals, NDP, Bloc sign deal on proposed coalition". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  49. Payton, Laura (26 March 2011). "Harper wanted 2004 coalition: Duceppe". CBC News. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
  50. "Harper, Layton, Duceppe sought 'co-opposition' in 2004 letter to GG". The Gazette (Montreal). 27 March 2011. Archived from the original on 1 April 2011.
  51. Chung, Andrew (26 March 2011). "Bloc leader accuses Harper of lying about coalition". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
  52. "Duceppe quits after BQ crushed in Quebec". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2 May 2011. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
  53. "Bloc to seek party status, new leader: MP". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 May 2011. Archived from the original on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  54. "Louis Plamondon nommé chef parlementaire par intérim du Bloc Québécois". Bloc Quebecois. 2 June 2011. Archived from the original on 29 August 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  55. "LEADERSHIP ROLES". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
  56. "La course à la présidence du Bloc Québécois aura lieu du 18 septembre au 11 décembre 2011". Bloc Quebecois. 13 June 2011. Archived from the original on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  57. "Daniel Paille elected Bloc Quebecois leader". The Gazette. Montreal. 11 December 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  58. "Daniel Paille new leader of Bloc Quebecois" Archived 15 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine. CBC News, 11 December 2011.
  59. "Mulcair calls on Patry to resign seat after defection to Bloc". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 28 February 2013. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
  60. "Bloc kicks out MP who spoke against Quebec religious-symbols ban". The Globe and Mail. 12 September 2013. Archived from the original on 12 September 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  61. "Daniel Paillé, leader of Bloc Québécois, to resign". CBC News. 16 December 2013. Archived from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
  62. "Bloc Quebecois to pick new leader in May to replace Daniel Paille". The Gazette. 12 January 2014. Archived from the original on 14 January 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  63. "Bloc Québécois leadership candidate Mario Beaulieu wants to put sovereignty back on the front burner". The Gazette. Montreal. 30 April 2014. Archived from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
  64. "Jean-Francois Fortin quits Bloc, says party no longer exists under new leader". CBC News. 12 August 2014. Archived from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  65. "Another Bloc MP quits party, leaving only two in Parliament". The Globe and Mail. 25 August 2014. Archived from the original on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  66. "Bloc Quebecois VP Annie Lessard resigns". CTV Montreal News. 31 December 2014. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  67. "illes Duceppe returns to lead Bloc Quebecois". CTV News. 10 June 2015. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  68. "Gilles Duceppe officially named leader of Bloc Québécois". CBC News. 1 July 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  69. "Returning Bloc leader Gilles Duceppe targets NDP for fall election". The Globe and Mail. 10 June 2015. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  70. "Gilles Duceppe announces return to Bloc Québécois leadership". CBC News. 10 June 2015.
  71. Canada (22 October 2015). "Bloc leader Duceppe, former PQ interim leader both resign". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  72. "Bloc Québécois' new leader: Who is Martine Ouellet?". The Gazette. Montreal. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  73. "Bloc Québécois fractures as seven of 10 MPs quit over Ouellet's leadership". The Globe and Mail. 1 March 2018. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  74. Allard, Clement (28 February 2018). "Seven of 10 Bloc Quebecois MPs quit over Martine Ouellet's leadership". The Globe and Mail. The Canadian Press. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  75. "More than 20 ex-Bloc Québécois MPs call on Martine Ouellet to quit". The Gazette. Montreal. 3 March 2018. Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  76. "Bloc Québécois national office rallies behind Martine Ouellet". The Gazette. Montreal. 3 March 2018. Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  77. "Martine Ouellet won't surrender Bloc leadership, despite outcry by former MPs". CTV News Montreal. The Canadian Press. 10 March 2018. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  78. "Referendum on Martine Ouellet's Bloc Québécois leadership set for 1–2 June". CBC News. 26 March 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  79. "Martine Ouellet loses Bloc Québécois leadership confidence vote".
  80. "Embattled Bloc Québécois leader Martine Ouellet resigns". CBC News. 4 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  81. "Two of seven MPs who quit the Bloc Quebecois returning to the party". CBC News. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  82. "Federal leaders including Trudeau and Scheer converge on Quebec before byelection". National Post. 14 June 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
  83. "Renegade MPS to return to Bloc Québécois caucus".
  84. "Yves-François Blanchet becomes Bloc Québécois leader". CBC News. 17 January 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  85. "Surge in Bloc Quebecois popularity 'a little bit surprising,' says Maxime Bernier". Global News. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  86. "« Nous revenons de loin » : la résurgence du Bloc québécois se confirme". Radio-Canada (in French). Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  87. Montpetit ·, Jonathan (22 October 2019). "Big gains for the Bloc Québécois, but what did it sacrifice in the process? Social Sharing". CBC News. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
  88. Connolly, Amanda (20 September 2021). "Liberals projected to form minority government". Global News. Archived from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  89. Tasker, John Paul (20 September 2021). "Canadians have re-elected a Liberal minority government". CBC. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  90. Morris, Erika (20 May 2023). "Blanchet maintains 97% support of Block Québécois members in vote of confidence". CBC News.
  91. Don, Macpherson. "Mario Beaulieu's victory shows the Bloc's irrelevance". The Gazette. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014.
  92. "Les députés bloquistes lancent un appel au calme". HuffPost. 16 June 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  93. Gagnon, Lysiane (18 June 2014). "Will the Bloc Self-Destruct?". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 22 June 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  94. "Peladeau offers tepid support for Bloc Quebecois at weekend rally for leader". Montreal. 24 May 2015. Archived from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  95. "Bernard Drainville on Twitter: "Av @PJT2072 candidat du #Bloc ds Marc-Aur-Fortin & ERobillard de @kinosdesign, concepteur d'affiches de films, Laval"". 14 October 2015. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2017 – via Twitter.
  96. "Stéphane Bergeron on Twitter: "Rencontre de presse suivie d'une visite, plus tôt, au CFP des Patriotes, en cie de @PKP_Qc, @daveturcotte & @caaths."". 14 October 2015. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2017 – via Twitter.
  97. "Maka Kotto on Twitter: "Qui est le mieux placé pour représenter nos intérêts à Ottawa?: Le BLOC! @GillesDuceppe Bravo! Tu as surpassé nos attentes."". 2 October 2015. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2017 – via Twitter.
  98. "Dave Turcotte on Twitter: "Rassemblement avec Catherine Fournier du #BlocQc et pkp_qc #TournéePQ #polqc #fed2015"". 13 October 2015. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2017 – via Twitter.
  99. Agnès Maltais. "Agnès Maltais on Twitter: "Hier, j'ai voté pour Charles Mordret du Bloc Québécois. J'ai apposé ma croix avec fierté à côté de son nom."". Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2017 – via Twitter.
  100. "BELLAVANCE, André, B.A." Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
  101. "Bloc Québécois PARLINFO". Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014.
  102. "DUCEPPE, Gilles". House of Commons of Canada. Archived from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.