Bolama (town)

Bolama is the main town of Bolama Island and the capital of the Bolama Region. Though once the capital of Portuguese Guinea (now Guinea-Bissau), it has a population of just 4,819 (2009 census)[1] and much of its colonial era architecture is in a state of severe decay. The town is almost surrounded by mangrove swamps and is now mostly known for its production of cashew nuts.

Bolama
town
Italian plane crash monument with Governor's palace
Italian plane crash monument with Governor's palace
Bolama is located in Guinea-Bissau
Bolama
Bolama
Location in Guinea-Bissau
Coordinates: 11°34′36″N 15°28′58″W
Country Guinea-Bissau
RegionBolama Region
Area
 • Total65 km2 (25 sq mi)
Elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2009)[1]
 • Total4,819
 • Density74/km2 (190/sq mi)

History
Map of Bolama, ca. 1920

Although often visited by local people, the island was apparently uninhabited in 1792 when Philip Beaver, an officer of the Royal Navy, led a failed attempt at resettling Black former slaves from the Americas on the island.[2] Most of the settlers died and the survivors abandoned the colony in November 1793 and made their way to Settler Town in what later became the Colony of Sierra Leone. Another colonisation attempt in 1814 also failed. Nonetheless, Britain continued to press its territorial claims to the town and island, hoping to annex the region to colonial possessions in Sierra Leone. Britain formally annexed the location, making it the capital of British Guinea.[3] This gave rise to the so-called Bolama Question, a diplomatic conflict initially raised at the Madrid conference of 1861, and dragging on until 1870 when it was eventually settled through an arbitration process overseen by United States President Ulysses S. Grant. The Portuguese negotiator, António José de Ávila, was rewarded by being declared duke of Ávila and Bolama.

In 1879, Bolama became the first capital of Portuguese Guinea and later became a logistical centre for seaplane transport. A seaplane crash in 1931 is commemorated by a statue in the town. However, a shortage of fresh water meant that Bolama could never hope to develop into a major city and on 6 December 1941 the colonial capital was moved to Bissau. Thereafter, the town of Bolama slowly fell into decay. Numerous abandoned houses now provide shelter for many thousands of enormous fruit eating bats. Every evening, these bats flock to the mainland, darkening the skies. The ruins, most notably that of the Bolama Governor's Palace, are something of a low key tourist attraction. The old colonial barracks are now used as a hospital.[4] A fruit processing plant was built on Bolama shortly after independence of Guinea Bissau, with Dutch foreign aid. This plant produced canned juice and jelly from cashew fruit. However, it could not expand and had to shut down its operations, due to the shortage of fresh water on the island.

Ulysses Grant Connection

A metal statue of American President Ulysses S. Grant stood in the town until August 2007 when broken up by scrap metal scavengers.[5] Grant had chaired an international arbitration committee that, in 1870, granted Bolama to Portugal rather than to Great Britain.[6] In gratitude, Grant's image was one of few colonial era statues to have survived into independence in the 1970s. The primary school in Bolama is still named the Ulisses Grant School in the president's honour.[7]

Twin towns – sister cities

Bolama is twinned with:

  • Ubiquitous ruins at Bolama streets
    Ubiquitous ruins at Bolama streets
  • Street view
    Street view
  • Ruins of former administration building
    Ruins of former administration building

Further reading
  • The history of the English colonisation attempt in 1792 is chronicled in the first six chapters of the 2013 book, "The Ship of Death: The Voyage that Changed the Atlantic World" by (professor of history) Billy G. Smith.[9]

References
  1. "População por região, sector e localidades por sexo censo 2009" (PDF), Instituto Nacional de Estatística Guiné-Bissau (in Portuguese), archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2020, retrieved 15 November 2018
  2. Humphries, Will (4 November 2020). "How Britain's Colony Without Slaves Ended in Bloodshed". www.thetimes.co.uk. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  3. Gomes, Américo (2012), História da Guiné-Bissau em datas (in Portuguese), Lisboa{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. "Ilha de Bolama". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  5. Quist-Arcton, Ofeibea (5 October 2007). "Mystery: Who Took the Head of Ulysses S. Grant?". NPR. Archived from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  6. Hair, P. E. H. (1997). ""Elephants for Want of Towns:" The Interethnic and International History of Bulama Island, 1456–1870". History in Africa. 24: 186. doi:10.2307/3172024. JSTOR 3172024. S2CID 161642732.
  7. "Remarks for U.S. Independence Day Reception – Bissau, June 8, 2017". U.S. Virtual Consulate in Guinea-Bissau. 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  8. "Geminações de Cidades e Vilas". Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 24 December 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  9. Smith, Billy G. (2013). Ship of Death: A Voyage That Changed the Atlantic World. New Haven: Yale University Press.
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