Farthing (British coin)

One farthing
United Kingdom
Value	1/4d sterling
Mass	2.83 g
Diameter	20.19 mm
Thickness	0.666 mm
Edge	Plain
Composition	Bronze
Years of minting	1860–1956
Obverse
Design	Elizabeth II
Designer	Mary Gillick
Design date	1953
Reverse
Design	Wren (Britannia on earlier mintages)
Designer	Harold Wilson Parker
Design date	1937

The British farthing (from Old English fēorðing, from fēorða, a fourth) abbreviated qua. (L. quadrans),[1] was a denomination of sterling coinage worth 1/960 of one pound, 1/48 of one shilling, or 1/4 of one penny; initially minted in copper and then in bronze, which replaced the earlier English farthings. Before Decimal Day in 1971, Britain used the Carolingian monetary system, wherein the largest unit was a pound sterling of 20 shillings, each of 12 pence. Each penny was divided into 4 farthings, thus, a pound sterling contained 960 farthings, and a shilling contained 48 farthings. From 1860 to 1971, the purchasing power of a farthing ranged between 12p and 0.2p in 2017 values.[2]

The farthing coin was legal tender during the reigns of eleven British monarchs: George I, George II, and George III, George IV, William IV, and Victoria, Edward VII and George V, Edward VIII, George VI, and Elizabeth II. In Britain and Northern Ireland the farthing coin ceased to be legal tender on 1 January 1961;[3] however, the farthing remained legal tender in the Falkland Islands, the Falkland Islands Dependencies, and the British Antarctic Territory until 31 October 1970.[4]

In two-and-a-half centuries in circulation as British currency, the reverse face of the farthing coin was minted in two designs: (i) from the 18th century until 1936, the farthing featured the figure of Britannia; and (ii) from 1937, the farthing featured the image of a wren. Like all British coins, the obverse face of the farthing coin bore the portrait of the incumbent monarch.[5]

History

A British copper farthing succeeded the English farthing after England and Scotland were united into the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, although not immediately. Under Queen Anne, a small number of pattern farthings were struck, but none for circulation, as so many English farthings from previous reigns were still available. Some British copper farthings were struck in the reigns of George I and George II. By the accession of George III, in 1760, many counterfeits were in circulation, and the Royal Mint stopped minting copper coins in 1775. The next farthings were the first struck by steam power, in 1799 by Matthew Boulton at his Soho Mint, under licence. Boulton coined more in 1806, and the Royal Mint resumed production in 1821. The farthing was struck regularly under George IV and William IV, by then with a design very like a smaller version of the penny.

Britannia reverse, 1746

Values less than a pound were usually written in terms of shillings and pence, e.g. three shillings and six pence (3/6d.), pronounced "three and six" or "three and sixpence". Values of less than a shilling were simply written in pence, e.g. (8d.), pronounced "eightpence". A price with a farthing in it would be written like this: (2+1/4d.), pronounced "twopence [or tuppence] farthing", or (1/3+1/4), pronounced "one and threepence [or thruppence] farthing" or (19/11+3/4), pronounced "nineteen and eleven three farthing(s)". 19/11+3/4 was a value used to make goods seem "significantly" cheaper than £1, usage similar to the modern £0.99, which is also the approximate value in 2021 of 19/11+3/4 in 1961, the year when the farthing was withdrawn from circulation.

The first bronze farthings were struck in 1860, in the reign of Queen Victoria, with a new reverse designed by Leonard Charles Wyon. This shows a seated Britannia, holding a trident, with the word FARTHING above. Between 1860 and 1895 there is a lighthouse to Britannia's left and a ship to her right. Various minor adjustments were made over the years to the level of the sea around Britannia and the angle of her trident. Some issues feature toothed edges to the coin, while others feature beading.

Britannia reverse, 1895–1936

After 1860, seven different obverses were used. Edward VII, George V, George VI and Elizabeth II each had a single obverse for the farthings produced during their respective reigns. Over the long reign of Queen Victoria, two different obverses were used. The farthing of 1860 carried the so-called "bun head", or "draped bust" of Queen Victoria on the obverse. The inscription around the bust read VICTORIA D G BRITT REG F D (abbreviated Latin: Victoria by the grace of God queen of Britain defender of the faith). This was replaced in 1895 by the "old head", or "veiled bust". The inscription on these coins read VICTORIA DEI GRA BRITT REGINA FID DEF IND IMP (Victoria by the grace of God queen of Britain defender of the faith empress of India).

Farthings issued during the reign of Edward VII feature his likeness and bear the inscription EDWARDVS VII DEI GRA BRITT OMN REX FID DEF IND IMP (Edward VII by the grace of God king of all Britons defender of the faith emperor of India). Similarly, those issued during the reign of George V feature his likeness and bear the inscription GEORGIVS V DEI GRA BRITT OMN REX FID DEF IND IMP (George V by the grace of God king of all Britons defender of the faith emperor of India).

A farthing of King Edward VIII (reigned 1936) does exist, dated 1937, but technically it is a pattern coin, one produced for official approval, which it was due to receive at about the time that the King abdicated, and in the event no farthings bearing his likeness were ever issued. The pattern has a left-facing portrait of the king, who considered this to be his best side, and consequently broke the tradition of alternating the direction in which the monarch faces on coins — some viewed this as indicating bad luck for the reign; the inscription on the obverse is EDWARDVS VIII D G BR OMN REX F D IND IMP (Edward VIII by the grace of God king of all Britons defender of the faith emperor of India).

One feature of the pattern farthing of Edward VIII was a redesigned reverse displaying the wren, one of Britain's smallest birds. From 1937 this appeared on the regular-issue farthings of George VI and was continued in the 1950s on the farthings of Elizabeth II.

George VI coins feature the inscription GEORGIVS VI D G BR OMN REX F D IND IMP (George VI by the grace of God king of all Britons defender of the faith emperor of India) before 1949, and GEORGIVS VI D G BR OMN REX FIDEI DEF (George VI by the grace of God king of all Britons defender of the faith) thereafter. Unlike the penny, farthings were minted throughout the early reign of Elizabeth II, bearing the inscription ELIZABETH II DEI GRA BRITT OMN REGINA F D (Elizabeth II by the grace of God queen of all Britons defender of the faith) in 1953, and ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA F D (Elizabeth II by the grace of God queen defender of the faith) thereafter.

Obverse designs

George II
George III
George IV
William IV
Victoria (young)
Victoria (old)
Edward VII
George V
George VI
Elizabeth II

Mintages

Victoria (Veiled bust)
1895 ~ 2,852,852 (inc bun head bust) 1896 ~ 3,668,610 1897 ~ 4,579,800 1898 ~ 4,010,080 1899 ~ 3,864,616 1900 ~ 5,969,317 1901 ~ 8,016,460

Edward VII
1902 ~ 5,125,120 1903 ~ 5,331,200 1904 ~ 3,628,800 1905 ~ 4,076,800 1906 ~ 5,340,160 1907 ~ 4,399,360 1908 ~ 4,264,960 1909 ~ 8,852,480 1910 ~ 2,298,400

George V

1911 ~ 5,196,800
1912 ~ 7,669,760
1913 ~ 4,184,320
1914 ~ 6,126,988
1915 ~ 7,129,255
1916 ~ 10,993,325
1917 ~ 21,434,844
1918 ~ 19,362,818
1919 ~ 15,089,425
1920 ~ 11,480,536
1921 ~ 9,469,097
1922 ~ 9,956,983
1923 ~ 8,034,457
1924 ~ 8,733,414
1925 ~ 12,634,697
1926 ~ 9,792,397
1927 ~ 7,868,355
1928 ~ 11,625,600
1929 ~ 8,419,200
1930 ~ 4,195,200
1931 ~ 6,595,200
1932 ~ 9,292,800
1933 ~ 4,560,000
1934 ~ 3,052,800
1935 ~ 2,227,200
1936 ~ 9,734,400

George VI
1937 ~ 8,131,200 1938 ~ 7,449,600 1939 ~ 31,440,000 1940 ~ 18,360,000 1941 ~ 27,312,000 1942 ~ 28,857,600 1943 ~ 33,345,600 1944 ~ 25,137,600 1945 ~ 23,736,000 1946 ~ 24,364,800 1947 ~ 14,745,600 1948 ~ 16,622,400 1949 ~ 8,424,000 1950 ~ 10,324,800 1950 Proof ~ 17,513 1951 ~ 14,016,000 1951 Proof ~ 20,000 1952 ~ 5,251,200

Elizabeth II
1953 ~ 6,131,037 1954 ~ 6,566,400 1955 ~ 5,779,200 1956 ~ 1,996,800

References

"University of Nottingham Manuscripts and Special Collections 'Research Guidance' Weights and Measures § Money". Retrieved 12 March 2014.
"Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1270 to Present". measuringworth.com. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
Cavendish, Richard (12 December 2010). "The Farthing's Last Day". History Today. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
London Gazette 9 October 1970: “Elizabeth R. We, in exercise of the powers conferred by section 11 of the Coinage Act 1870, do hereby, by and with the advice of Our Privy Council, call in, in the Falkland Islands, the Dependencies of the Falkland Islands and the British Antarctic Territory, all farthings, halfpennies and half-crowns by 31st day of October 1970, and direct that after that date those coins shall not be current or legal tender within those territories.”
Michael, Thomas and Cuhaj, George S. Collecting World Coins: Circulating Issues 1901 - Present (Krause Publications, 2001)

External links

British Coins – information about British coins (from 1656 to 1952)
Collection of copper & bronze pennies of Great Britain
About Farthings A photographic collection of farthings
My Farthing Collection A private collection of farthings dating from 1799–1956

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[UON-1] "University of Nottingham Manuscripts and Special Collections 'Research Guidance' Weights and Measures § Money". Retrieved 12 March 2014.

[2] "Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1270 to Present". measuringworth.com. Retrieved 17 July 2016.

[3] Cavendish, Richard (12 December 2010). "The Farthing's Last Day". History Today. Retrieved 21 December 2020.

[4] London Gazette 9 October 1970: “Elizabeth R. We, in exercise of the powers conferred by section 11 of the Coinage Act 1870, do hereby, by and with the advice of Our Privy Council, call in, in the Falkland Islands, the Dependencies of the Falkland Islands and the British Antarctic Territory, all farthings, halfpennies and half-crowns by 31st day of October 1970, and direct that after that date those coins shall not be current or legal tender within those territories.”

[5] Michael, Thomas and Cuhaj, George S. Collecting World Coins: Circulating Issues 1901 - Present (Krause Publications, 2001)