Buteo

All Buteo species are to some extent opportunistic when it comes to hunting, and prey on almost any type of small animal as it becomes available to them. However, most have a strong preference for small mammals, mostly rodents. Rodents of almost every family in the world are somewhere preyed upon by Buteo species.[5][6][7] Since many rodents are primarily nocturnal, most buteos mainly hunt rodents that may be partially active during the day, which can include squirrels and chipmunks, voles, and gerbils. More nocturnal varieties are hunted opportunistically and may be caught in the first or last few hours of light.[5][7] Other smallish mammals, such as shrews, moles, pikas, bats, and weasels, tend to be minor secondary prey, although can locally be significant for individual species.[5][7] Larger mammals, such as rabbits, hares, and marmots, including even adult specimens weighing as much as 2 to 3 kg (4.4 to 6.6 lb), may be hunted by the heaviest and strongest species, such as ferruginous,[7][10][11] red-tailed[12] and white-tailed hawks.[13] Birds are taken occasionally, as well. Small to mid-sized birds, i.e. passerines, woodpeckers, waterfowl, pigeons, and gamebirds, are most often taken. However, since the adults of most smaller birds can successfully outmaneuver and evade buteos in flight, much avian prey is taken in the nestling or fledgling stages or adult birds if they are previously injured.[5][7] An exception is the short-tailed hawk, which is a relatively small and agile species and is locally a small bird-hunting specialist.[14] The Hawaiian hawk, which evolved on an isolated group of islands with no terrestrial mammals, was also initially a bird specialist, although today it preys mainly on introduced rodents. Other prey may include snakes, lizards, frogs, salamanders, fish, and even various invertebrates, especially beetles. In several Buteo species found in more tropical regions, such as the roadside hawk or grey-lined hawk, reptiles and amphibians may come to locally dominate the diet.[5] Swainson's hawk, despite its somewhat large size, is something of exceptional insect-feeding specialist and may rely almost fully on crickets and dragonflies when wintering in southern South America.[15][16] Carrion is eaten occasionally by most species, but is almost always secondary to live prey.[5] The importance of carrion in the Old World "buzzard" species is relatively higher since these often seem slower and less active predators than their equivalents in the Americas.[17][18][19] Most Buteo species seem to prefer to ambush prey by pouncing down to the ground directly from a perch. In a secondary approach, many spot prey from a great distance while soaring and circle down to the ground to snatch it.[5]

Buteos are typical accipitrids in most of their breeding behaviors. They all build their own nests, which are often constructed out of sticks and other materials they can carry. Nests are generally located in trees, which are generally selected based on large sizes and inaccessibility to climbing predators rather than by species. Most Buteos breed in stable pairs, which may mate for life or at least for several years even in migratory species in which pairs part ways during winter. Generally from 2 to 4 eggs are laid by the female and are mostly incubated by her, while the male mate provides food. Once the eggs hatch, the survival of the young is dependent upon how abundant appropriate food is and the security of the nesting location from potential nest predators and other (often human-induced) disturbances. As in many raptors, the nestlings hatch at intervals of a day or two and the older, strong siblings tend to have the best chances of survival, with the younger siblings often starving or being handled aggressively (and even killed) by their older siblings. The male generally does most of the hunting and the female broods, but the male may also do some brooding while the female hunts as well. Once the fledgling stage is reached, the female takes over much of the hunting. After a stage averaging a couple of weeks, the fledglings take the adults increasing indifference to feeding them or occasional hostile behavior towards them as a cue to disperse on their own. Generally, young Buteos tend to disperse several miles away from their nesting grounds and wander for one to two years until they can court a mate and establish their own breeding range.[5][6][7]

The Buteo hawks include many of the most widely distributed, most common, and best-known raptors in the world. Examples include the red-tailed hawk of North America and the common buzzard of Eurasia. Most Northern Hemisphere species are at least partially migratory. In North America, species such as broad-winged hawks and Swainson's hawks are known for their huge numbers (often called "kettles") while passing over major migratory flyways in the fall. Up to tens of thousands of these Buteos can be seen each day during the peak of their migration. Any of the prior mentioned common Buteo species may have total populations that exceed a million individuals.[5] On the other hand, the Socotra buzzard and Galapagos hawks are considered vulnerable to extinction per the IUCN. The Ridgway's hawk is even more direly threatened and is considered Critically Endangered. These insular forms are threatened primarily by habitat destruction, prey reductions and poisoning.[5][6] The latter reason is considered the main cause of a noted decline in the population of the more abundant Swainson's hawk, due to insecticides being used in southern South America, which the hawks ingest through crickets and then die from poisoning.[20]

Common name	Scientific name[23][lower-alpha 2]	IUCN Red List Status	Distribution	Picture
Common buzzard	Buteo buteo (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC IUCN[24]
Eastern buzzard	Buteo japonicus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844)	LC IUCN[25]
Himalayan buzzard	Buteo refectus Portenko, 1935	LC IUCN[26]
Cape Verde buzzard	Buteo bannermani (Swann, 1919)
Socotra buzzard	Buteo socotraensis Porter & Kirwan, 2010	VU IUCN[27]
Red-tailed hawk	Buteo jamaicensis (Gmelin, 1788)	LC IUCN[28]
Long-legged buzzard	Buteo rufinus (Cretzschmar, 1829)	LC IUCN[29]
Rough-legged buzzard	Buteo lagopus (Pontoppidan, 1763)	LC IUCN[30]
Ferruginous hawk	Buteo regalis (Gray, 1844)	LC IUCN[31]
Red-shouldered hawk	Buteo lineatus (Gmelin, 1788)	LC IUCN[32]
Broad-winged hawk	Buteo platypterus (Vieillot, 1823)	LC IUCN[33]
Swainson's hawk	Buteo swainsoni	LC IUCN[34]
Ridgway's hawk	Buteo ridgwayi (Cory, 1883)	CR IUCN[35]
Short-tailed hawk	Buteo brachyurus Vieillot, 1816	LC IUCN[36]
White-throated hawk	Buteo albigula Philippi, 1899	LC IUCN[37]	South America
Galapagos hawk	Buteo galapagoensis (Gould, 1837)	VU IUCN[38]	Galápagos Islands
Gray-lined hawk	Buteo nitidus Latham, 1790	LC IUCN[39]
Gray hawk	Buteo plagiatus (Schlegel 1862)	LC IUCN[40]
Zone-tailed hawk	Buteo albonotatus Kaup, 1847	LC IUCN[41]
Hawaiian hawk	Buteo solitarius (Peale, 1848)	NT IUCN[42]	Hawaii
Rufous-tailed hawk	Buteo ventralis Gould, 1837	VU IUCN[43]	Argentina, Chile
Mountain buzzard	Buteo oreophilus Hartert and Neumann, 1914	NT IUCN[44]	East Africa
Forest buzzard	Buteo trizonatus Rudebeck, 1957	NT IUCN[45]	South Africa
Madagascar buzzard	Buteo brachypterus Hartlaub, 1860	LC IUCN[46]	Madagascar
Upland buzzard	Buteo hemilasius Temminck & Schlegel, 1844	LC IUCN[47]	Central and East Asia
Red-necked buzzard	Buteo auguralis Salvadori, 1865	LC IUCN[48]	The Sahel and Central Africa
Jackal buzzard	Buteo rufofuscus (Forster, 1798)	LC IUCN[49]	Southern Africa
Augur buzzard	Buteo augur (Rüppell, 1836)	LC IUCN[50]

[51]

A number of fossil species have been discovered, mainly in North America. Some are placed here primarily based on considerations of biogeography, Buteo being somewhat hard to distinguish from Geranoaetus based on osteology alone:[52]

• †Buteo dondasi (Late Pliocene of Buenos Aires, Argentina)
• †Buteo fluviaticus (Brule Middle? Oligocene of Wealt County, US) – possibly same as B. grangeri
• †Buteo grangeri (Brule Middle? Oligocene of Washabaugh County, South Dakota, US)
• †Buteo antecursor (Brule Late? Oligocene)
• †?Buteo sp. (Brule Late Oligocene of Washington County, US)[53]
• †Buteo ales (Agate Fossil Beds Early Miocene of Sioux County, US) – formerly in Geranospiza or Geranoaetus
• †Buteo typhoius (Olcott Early ?- snake Creek Late Miocene of Sioux County, US)
• †Buteo pusillus (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France)
• †Buteo sp. (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France – Early Pleistocene of Bacton, England)[54]
• †Buteo contortus (snake Creek Late Miocene of Sioux County, US) – formerly in Geranoaetus
• †Buteo spassovi (Late Miocene of Chadžidimovo, Bulgaria)[55]
• †Buteo conterminus (snake Creek Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Sioux County, US) – formerly in Geranoaetus
• †Buteo sp. (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, US)
• †Buteo sanya (Late Pleistocene of Luobidang Cave, Hainan, China)
• †Buteo sanfelipensis (Late Pleistocene, Cuba)

[56]

An unidentifiable accipitrid that occurred on Ibiza in the Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene may also have been a Buteo.[57] If this is so, the bird can be expected to aid in untangling the complicated evolutionary history of the common buzzard group.

The prehistoric species "Aquila" danana, Buteogallus fragilis (Fragile eagle), and Spizaetus grinnelli were at one time also placed in Buteo.[52]