CANDE

CANDE provides a command-line interpreter and line editor, although unlike the modern interpretation of an operating system command line interpreter, the CANDE commands are compiled into the CANDE MCS, as shell like capabilities are provided by WFL. Other notable features and functions include:

• Create, edit, and maintain (copy, move, remove, print, rename) data and program files
• Compile and execute programs
• Access and display information about the data communication network including terminal communication lines and remote devices
• Dynamically alter the communication network
• Access and display job and task information
• Utility functions (calculator, system utility test, etc.)

In addition to these features CANDE has an on-line help facility.

For extra speed, CANDE implemented user context switching by swapping a block at the top of the stack. This novel method broke several assumptions built into the design of Burroughs large systems, in particular the handling of virtual memory descriptors, and meant that CANDE itself had to be written in DCALGOL with system-level privileges.

Architecturally, CANDE is split into two main sections: a primary, single-instanced main process originally supporting up to 255 simultaneous users, and one or more worker stacks. The main process is called BUMP. It receives all input messages, including input from users. Simple requests which can be executed without delay and do not involve any I/O such as disk access are handled immediately. Other requests are added to a work queue and handled by one of the worker processes. The worker process is called GRIND; there can be one or more instances at any time. Each GRIND process has by default five pseudo-threads which actually carry out the work.

The internal threading model for context switching selects one of the worker pseudo-threads per GRIND process and makes it the executing context. This is achieved by copying it to the top of the stack. When the worker process needs to execute I/O or other asynchronous activity, it initiates the action, marks what it is waiting for, and calls the context-switching function, which selects a different context for execution.

CANDE operates without internal locks, by careful separation of data. Each possible user connection (or station) is assigned an index into a main array called the station array, or STA ("stay"). The current station index is named STAX (pronounced "stay-x"). There are multiple words of state data per station, but they are stored with all of the first words together, followed by all of the second words, etc. This allows CANDE to index into the array using only addition, not multiplication (which made for faster operation on the hard-wired CPUs of the era).

CANDE was originally written in 1973 by Darrel F. High. It was taken over by Randall Gellens in 1984, at which point the library maintenance (file copying, moving, renaming, and deleting) routines were rewritten to allow for significantly expanded capabilities, a slew of utilities were added using the "?" syntax (allowing them to be used even while a program was running), and several architectural improvements were made. It was later transferred to the Santa Barbara plant, and eventually to India.

The "?" syntax, originally allowing for control during program execution (when input would normally be directed to the program), grew to include a number of utilities.

• Comparison of command shells
• Work Flow Language

• Burroughs B5500 Quick CANDE Reference Card for B5500 TSS 1042710 circa 1970
• B6700, B7700 CANDE Reference card 5001050 July 1975 at bitsavers.org
• B7000, B6700 CANDE Reference card 5011349 October 1979 at bitsavers.org