ba space

In mathematics, the ba space of an algebra of sets is the Banach space consisting of all bounded and finitely additive signed measures on . The norm is defined as the variation, that is [1]

If Σ is a sigma-algebra, then the space is defined as the subset of consisting of countably additive measures.[2] The notation ba is a mnemonic for bounded additive and ca is short for countably additive.

If X is a topological space, and Σ is the sigma-algebra of Borel sets in X, then is the subspace of consisting of all regular Borel measures on X.[3]

Properties

All three spaces are complete (they are Banach spaces) with respect to the same norm defined by the total variation, and thus is a closed subset of , and is a closed set of for Σ the algebra of Borel sets on X. The space of simple functions on is dense in .

The ba space of the power set of the natural numbers, ba(2N), is often denoted as simply and is isomorphic to the dual space of the space.

Dual of B(Σ)

Let B(Σ) be the space of bounded Σ-measurable functions, equipped with the uniform norm. Then ba(Σ) = B(Σ)* is the continuous dual space of B(Σ). This is due to Hildebrandt[4] and Fichtenholtz & Kantorovich.[5] This is a kind of Riesz representation theorem which allows for a measure to be represented as a linear functional on measurable functions. In particular, this isomorphism allows one to define the integral with respect to a finitely additive measure (note that the usual Lebesgue integral requires countable additivity). This is due to Dunford & Schwartz,[6] and is often used to define the integral with respect to vector measures,[7] and especially vector-valued Radon measures.

The topological duality ba(Σ) = B(Σ)* is easy to see. There is an obvious algebraic duality between the vector space of all finitely additive measures σ on Σ and the vector space of simple functions (). It is easy to check that the linear form induced by σ is continuous in the sup-norm if σ is bounded, and the result follows since a linear form on the dense subspace of simple functions extends to an element of B(Σ)* if it is continuous in the sup-norm.

Dual of L(μ)

If Σ is a sigma-algebra and μ is a sigma-additive positive measure on Σ then the Lp space L(μ) endowed with the essential supremum norm is by definition the quotient space of B(Σ) by the closed subspace of bounded μ-null functions:

The dual Banach space L(μ)* is thus isomorphic to

i.e. the space of finitely additive signed measures on Σ that are absolutely continuous with respect to μ (μ-a.c. for short).

When the measure space is furthermore sigma-finite then L(μ) is in turn dual to L1(μ), which by the Radon–Nikodym theorem is identified with the set of all countably additive μ-a.c. measures. In other words, the inclusion in the bidual

is isomorphic to the inclusion of the space of countably additive μ-a.c. bounded measures inside the space of all finitely additive μ-a.c. bounded measures.

References

  • Dunford, N.; Schwartz, J.T. (1958). Linear operators, Part I. Wiley-Interscience.
  1. Dunford & Schwartz 1958, IV.2.15.
  2. Dunford & Schwartz 1958, IV.2.16.
  3. Dunford & Schwartz 1958, IV.2.17.
  4. Hildebrandt, T.H. (1934). "On bounded functional operations". Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. 36 (4): 868–875. doi:10.2307/1989829. JSTOR 1989829.
  5. Fichtenholz, G.; Kantorovich, L.V. (1934). "Sur les opérations linéaires dans l'espace des fonctions bornées". Studia Mathematica. 5: 69–98. doi:10.4064/sm-5-1-69-98.
  6. Dunford & Schwartz 1958.
  7. Diestel, J.; Uhl, J.J. (1977). Vector measures. Mathematical Surveys. Vol. 15. American Mathematical Society. Chapter I.

Further reading

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