Catigern

Catigern (Welsh: Cadeyrn Fendigaid) is a figure of Welsh tradition, said to be a son of Vortigern, the tyrannical King of the Britons, and the brother of Vortimer. A figure of this name also appears in the Welsh genealogies, though he is given different parentage. Catigern is nearly exclusively known for a tradition in which he fell in battle with the Saxons.

Etymology

The Old Welsh personal name Catigirn (≈ Cattegirn) means 'Battle-Prince'. It stems from a Common Brittonic form reconstructed as *katu-tigernos, formed with the root *katu- ('combat'; cf. Gaul. catu- 'combat, battle', OIr. cath 'battle, troop') attached to tigernos ('lord, master'; c. Gaul. tigerno-, Olr. tigern, OW. tegyrned, OBret. Tigern).[1][2][3] The name Catiherno, borne by a Breton priest c. 509–521, may also be related.[4][2]

History

The earliest mention of Catigern appears in the Historia Brittonum, written in the 9th century and attributed to the monk Nennius. Chapters 43–45 say that after the British king Vortigern had been appeasing the Saxons, his son Vortimer rose against the enemy and engaged them in four battles. At the third of these, the Battle of Epsford (Aylesford), Catigern fell, as did the Saxon leader Horsa.[5] Chapter 48 also mentions Catigern, naming him as Vortigern's second son, after Vortimer and before Pascent and Faustus, and reiterates that he died in the same battle as Horsa.[6] Neither mention is clear as to which side Catigern served on, but context implies he was fighting alongside his brother against the Saxons. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle describes this battle and the death of Horsa in the entry for 455, though it does not mention Catigern.[7]

A Catigern, here Cattegirn (Celtic cato- "battle", tigerno- "lord"),[8] also appears in the Harleian genealogies. This Cattegirn is included towards the head of three of the pedigrees of rulers of Powys.[9] In each of these, however, he is said to be the son not of Vortigern, but the legendary Powys ancestor figure Cadell Ddyrnllwg. This Cadell is known from the Historia Brittonum, which says that he had been a servant who was converted by Vortigern's enemy Saint Germanus of Auxerre, and thereafter became a king whose descendants ruled Powys through the centuries.[10] However, one of the genealogies from Jesus College MS 20 refers to a "Cadern" who is the father of Cadell and the son of Vortigern.[11]

Later literature and legend

Catigern appears briefly in Geoffrey of Monmouth's chronicle Historia Regum Britanniae, in a section adapted from the Historia Brittonum account. Geoffrey adds the detail that Catigern and Horsa personally met in battle at Epsford and slew each other.[12] Geoffrey's account spread widely through the Middle Ages and after, and Catigern has appeared in adaptations of Geoffrey, and occasionally, in other derivative works. His battle with Horsa is the subject of John Lesslie Hall's poem "The Death of Horsa",[13] and he appears as a minor character in William Henry Ireland's play Vortigern and Rowena, which was initially touted as a lost work by William Shakespeare.[14]

The Neolithic chamber tomb of Kit's Coty House, located near Aylesford, is identified with Catigern's tomb in local legend.[15]

References
  1. Delamarre 2003, p. 296.
  2. Russell 2004, pp. 451–452.
  3. Matasović 2009, pp. 378–379.
  4. Sims-Williams (1990), p. 246.
  5. Historia Brittonum, ch. 43–45.
  6. Historia Brittonum, ch. 48.
  7. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 455.
  8. Russell, Paul. "Old Welsh Dinacat, Cunedag, Tutagual: Fossilized Phonology in Brittonic Personal Names". In: Indo-European Perspectives: Studies in Honour of Anna Morpugo Davies. Edited by J. H. W. Penney. Oxford University Press. 2004. pp. 447-460. ISBN 0-19-925892-9
  9. Harleian genealogy 22; 23; 27.
  10. Historia Brittonum, ch. 35.
  11. Jesus College MS 20.18. This genealogy is a variant of Harleian 22, with additional descendants.
  12. Historia Regum Britanniae, Book 6, ch. 13.
  13. Hall, John Lesslie (1899). "The Death of Horsa". From The Camelot Project at the University of Rochester. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
  14. "Vortigern". The Camelot Project. University of Rochester. Retrieved December 3, 2008.
  15. Vermaat, Robert (2008). The Grave of Catigern. Vortigern Studies. Retrieved December 14, 2009.

Bibliography
  • Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. ISBN 9782877723695.
  • Matasović, Ranko (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Brill. ISBN 9789004173361.
  • Russell, Paul (2004). "Old Welsh Dinacat, Cunedag, Tutagual: Fossilized Phonology in Brittonic Personal Names". In Penney, John H. W.; Morpurgo, Davies Anna (eds.). Indo-European perspectives : studies in honour of Anna Morpurgo Davies. Oxford University Press. pp. 447–460. ISBN 978-0-19-153175-0.
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