List of historical capitals of Vietnam

This list of historical capitals of Vietnam includes former capital cities as well as the current capital of Vietnam which is Hanoi in time order. The capitals in bold indicate those of independent periods while the capitals in italic indicate those of occupied or invaded periods.

Capital Period Nation Era Palace Current location
Ngàn Hống2879 – ? BCXích QuỷHồng Bàng dynasty - Kinh Duong VuongunknownHồng Lĩnh mountain, Hà Tĩnh Province
Nghĩa Lĩnh ? – 2524 BCXích QuỷHồng Bàng dynasty - Lac Long QuanunknownNghĩa Lĩnh mountain, Phú Thọ Province
Phong Châu2524–258 BCVăn LangHồng Bàng dynasty - Hùng KingsunknownPhú Thọ Province
Cổ Loa257–208 BCÂu LạcThục dynastyCổ Loa CitadelĐông Anh District, Hanoi
Panyu207–111 BCNanyueZhao DynastyNanyue PalaceGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
Leilou111-106 BCFirst Era of Chinese DominationunknownBắc Ninh Province
Guangxin106 BC-40 ADunknownWuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
Mê Linh40–43 ADLingnanTrưng SistersunknownMê Linh District, Hanoi
Guangxin43-210Second Era of Chinese DominationunknownWuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
Panyu210-226?Nanyue PalaceGuangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
Longyuan226?-544Long Biên PalaceLong Biên District, Hanoi or Bắc Ninh Province (uncertain)
Long Uyên544–602Vạn XuânEarly Lý dynasty
Jiaozhi (district)602-607?Third Era of Chinese Dominationunknownbetween Đuống River and Thái Bình River
Songping607?-713unknownHanoi
Vạn An713–722Annam (under Tang domination)Mai Hắc ĐếunknownNam Đàn District, Nghệ An Province
Songping722-779Third Era of Chinese DominationunknownHanoi
Tống Bình779-791Annam (under Tang domination)Phùng Hưngunknown
Songping791-866Third Era of Chinese Dominationunknown
Dalou866-905Đại La CitadelBa Đình District, Hanoi
Đại La905–938JinghaiKhúc clan and Dương clan
Cổ Loa939–967Ngô dynastyCổ Loa CitadelĐông Anh District, Hanoi
Hoa Lư968–980Đại Cồ ViệtĐinh dynastyHoa Lư CitadelNinh Bình Province
980–1009Early Lê dynasty
1009 – 1010Later Lý dynasty
Thăng Long1010 – 1225Đại ViệtLater Lý dynastyImperial Citadel of Thăng LongHanoi
1226–1440Trần dynasty
Tây Đô1400–1407Đại NguHồ dynastyHo CitadelVĩnh Lộc District, Thanh Hóa Province
Mô Độ1407–1409Jiaozhi (under Ming domination)Later Trần dynastyunknownYên Mô District, Ninh Bình Province
Dongguan1407-1427Fourth Era of Chinese DominationImperial Citadel of Thăng LongHanoi
Đông Kinh1428–1527Đại ViệtLater Lê dynasty – early period
1527–1592Mạc dynasty
Vạn Lại1533–1597Đại Việt – southern regionLater Lê dynasty – warlord periodVan Lai CitadelThọ Xuân District, Thanh Hóa Province
Cao Bình1592–1677Đại Việt – northern regionMạc dynastyBan Phu CitadelCao Bằng City, Cao Bằng Province
Đông Kinh1597–1789Đại ViệtLater Lê dynasty – warlord periodImperial Citadel of Thăng LongHanoi
1597–1787Đại ViệtOuter RegionTrịnh lordsPalace of Trịnh Lords
Phú Xuân1678–1777Đại ViệtInner RegionNguyễn lordsPalace of Nguyễn LordsHuế City, Thừa Thiên-Huế Province
Qui Nhơn1778–1793Đại ViệtTây Sơn dynastyEmperor CitadelAn Nhơn Town, Bình Định Province
Phú Xuân1786–1802unknownHuế City, Thừa Thiên-Huế Province
Huế1802–1945Viet Nam, later Dai NamNguyễn dynastyImperial City of HuếHuế City, Thừa Thiên-Huế Province
Saigon1887–1901French Colonial EraIndochinese FederationGovernor-General PalaceHo Chi Minh City
Hanoi1902–1954Indochinese Governor-General PalaceHanoi
Saigon1945Indochina under Japanese OccupationGovernor-General PalaceHo Chi Minh City
Huế1945VietnamEmpire of VietnamImperial City of HuếHuế City, Thừa Thiên-Huế Province
Hanoi1945–1976Vietnam, later North VietnamDemocratic Republic of VietnamPresidential PalaceHanoi
Saigon1945-1954French OccupationIndochinese FederationGovernor-General PalaceHo Chi Minh City
1946–1949Cochinchina (under French Occupation)Autonomous Republic of CochinchinaGia Long Palace
1949–1955South VietnamState of Vietnam under French military presenceNorodom Palace
1955–1975Republic of Vietnam under U.S. military presenceIndependence Palace
Tây Ninh1969-1972South VietnamProvisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South VietnamnoneTây Ninh Province
Lộc Ninh1972–1973noneLộc Ninh District, Bình Phước Province
Cam Lộ1973-1975noneCam Lộ District, Quảng Trị Province
Saigon1975-1976Independence PalaceHo Chi Minh City
Hanoi1976 – presentVietnamSocialist Republic of VietnamPresidential Palacecurrent capital

Some secondary unofficial capitals also existed throughout Vietnamese history. These secondary capitals were established by dynasty founders merely as symbolic capitals to pay tribute to their ancestors.

References

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