Vehicle-ramming attack

A vehicle-ramming attack, also known as a vehicle as a weapon or VAW attack,[1] is an assault in which a perpetrator deliberately rams a vehicle into a building, people,[2][3] or another vehicle. According to Stratfor Global Intelligence analysts, this attack represents a relatively new militant tactic that could prove more difficult to prevent than suicide bombings.[4]

For vehicle ramming for the purposes of burglary, see ram-raiding.
"Car attack" redirects here. For the event of a car being used for a shooting, see Drive-by. For the event of a car being bombed, see Car bomb.
The 2017 Stockholm truck attack killed five.
The 2008 Jerusalem bulldozer attack killed three.
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Homicide
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Deliberate vehicle-ramming into a crowd of people is a tactic used by terrorists,[5] becoming a major terrorist tactic in the 2010s because it requires little skill to perpetrate, cars and trucks are widely available, and it has the potential to cause significant casualties.[6][7][8] Deliberate vehicle-ramming has also been carried out in the course of other types of crimes,[9] including road rage incidents.[10][11] Deliberate vehicle-ramming incidents have also sometimes been ascribed to the driver's psychiatric disorder.[12][lower-alpha 1]

Vehicles have also been used by attackers to breach buildings with locked gates, before detonating explosives, as in the Saint-Quentin-Fallavier attack.[13]

Causes and motives

Ease

According to the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, the tactic has gained popularity because "Vehicle ramming offers terrorists with limited access to explosives or weapons an opportunity to conduct a homeland attack with minimal prior training or experience."[2] Vehicles are as easy to acquire as knives, but unlike knives, which may arouse suspicion if found in one's possession, vehicles are essential for daily life, and the capability of vehicles to cause casualties if used aggressively is underestimated.[14]

Islamic terrorism

Counterterrorism researcher Daveed Gartenstein-Ross of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies told Slate that the tactic has been on the rise in Israel because, "the security barrier is fairly effective, which makes it hard to get bombs into the country."[15] In 2010, Inspire, the online, English-language magazine produced by al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula urged mujahideen to choose "pedestrian only" locations and make sure to gain speed before ramming their vehicles into the crowd in order to "achieve maximum carnage".[15]

Vehicle attacks can be carried out by lone-wolf terrorists who are inspired by an ideology but who are not working within a specific political movement or group.[16] Writing for The Daily Beast, Jacob Siegel suggests that the perpetrator of the 2014 Couture-Rouleau attack may be "the kind of terrorist the West could be seeing a lot more of in the future", a kind that he describes, following Brian Jenkins of the Rand Corporation, as "stray dogs", rather than lone wolves, characterizing them as "misfits" who are "moved from seething anger to spontaneous deadly action" by exposure to Islamist propaganda.[17] A 2014 propaganda video by ISIL encouraged French sympathizers to use cars to run down civilians.[18]

According to Clint Watts, of the Foreign Policy Research Institute, where he is a senior fellow and expert on terrorism, the older model where members of groups like al-Qaeda would "plan and train together before going to carry out an attack, became defunct around 2005", due to increased surveillance by Western security agencies.[17] Watts says that Anwar al-Awlaki, the American-born al-Qaeda imam, as a key figure in this shift, addressing English-speakers in their language and urging them to "Do your own terrorism and stay in place."[17]

Jamie Bartlett, who heads the Violence and Extremism Program at Demos, a British think tank, explains that "the internet in the last few years has both increased the possibilities and the likelihood of lone-wolf terrorism", supplying isolated individuals with ideological motivation and technique.[19] For authorities in Western countries, the difficulty is that even in a case like that of the perpetrator of the 2014 Couture-Rouleau attack, where Canadian police had identified the attacker, taken away his passport, and were working with his family and community to steer him away from jihad, vehicle attacks can be hard to prevent because, "it's very difficult to know exactly what an individual is planning to do before a crime is committed. We cannot arrest someone for thinking radical thoughts; it's not a crime in Canada."[19][20]

According to Stratfor, the American global intelligence firm, "while not thus far as deadly as suicide bombing", this tactic could prove more difficult to prevent. No single group has claimed responsibility for the incidents.[4] Experts see a saving grace in the ignorance and incompetence of most lone-wolf terrorists, who often manage to murder very few people.[19]

Protest encounters

Vehicular ramming has sometimes been advocated to attack protesters who block public roadways in the United States. Two police officers were suspended and fired in January and June 2016, respectively, for tweeting such advice about Black Lives Matter rallies, which have sometimes been broken up by cars. North Dakota state legislator Keith Kempenich tried and failed to pass a law granting civil immunity to drivers who accidentally hit activists after his mother-in-law was stopped by Dakota Access Pipeline protesters, and Tennessee Senator Bill Ketron did likewise after a man hit an anti-Trump group. Similar legislation has been introduced in Florida and Texas.[21] After the white supremacist Unite the Right rally, in which an anti-fascist counterprotester was killed and multiple were injured in a vehicle ramming attack.

Protective measures
Security measures taken to protect the Houses of Parliament in London, UK. These heavy blocks of concrete are designed to prevent a car bomb or other device being rammed into the building.
Concrete blocks in the city centre of Dresden during the 2016 German Unity Day Celebrations
Bollards installed on London Bridge to prevent attacks
Main article: Hostile vehicle mitigation

Protective measures against vehicle attacks are known as hostile vehicle mitigation. This involves reducing the risk posed by vehicle as a weapon attacks through a mixture of measures. Visibly this often includes physical barriers, but also includes other measures such as deterrence, staff training, traffic management, and incident response planning.[22]

Security bollards are credited with minimizing damage and casualties in the 2007 Glasgow Airport attack,[23][24] and with preventing ramming in the 2014 Alon Shvut stabbing attack, leading the assailant to abandon his car and attack pedestrians waiting at a bus stop with a knife, after his effort to run them over was thwarted.[25] However, Berlin's police chief, Klaus Kandt, argued that bollards would not have prevented the 2016 Berlin truck attack, and that the required security measures would be "varied, complex, and far from a panacea".[26]

On 23 October 2014, the US National Institute of Building Sciences updated its Building Design Guideline on Crash- and Attack-Resistant Models of bollards, a guideline written to help professionals design bollards to protect facilities from vehicle operators, "who plan or carry out acts of property destruction, incite terrorism, or cause the deaths of civilian, industrial or military populations".[27] The American Bar Association recommends bollards as effective protection against car-ramming attacks.[28]

In January 2018, it was announced by the then mayor of New York City, Bill de Blasio, that the city planned to install 1,500 steel street barriers to prevent vehicle attacks. This came after the city's two vehicle-ramming attacks in 2017 killed nine people.[29]

Münster has been planning to install security bollards in public areas in response to vehicle-ramming attacks in European cities, including the Berlin attack.[30] While only selected locations can be protected this way, tight bends and restricted-width streets may also prevent a large vehicle getting speed before reaching a barrier.[31]

Modern Internet-connected drive-by-wire cars can potentially be hacked remotely and used for such attacks. To demonstrate the severity of this type of attack, 2015 hackers remotely carjacked a Jeep from 10 miles away and drove it into a ditch.[32][33] Measures for cybersecurity of automobiles to prevent such attacks are often criticized as being insufficient.

List of attacks

Terrorism

In chronological order:

Suspected terrorism

Other
  • 1953 Elias Antonio case, Syrian merchant who killed one person and wounded up to 29 others in Bento Ribeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil when ramming his car into a carnival block[44][45][46][47][48][49]
  • 1964 Taipei attack (ramming people)[50]
  • 1973 Olga Hepnarová case, Czechoslovakian woman using a truck to go on a rampage; 8 dead, 12 injured.[51]
  • 1973 Plains attack (ramming people)[52]
  • 1974 Eugen Grigore case, Romanian man drives cargo truck into Gypsy nomad encampment; 24 dead, around 50 injured
  • 1980 Wantagh attack (ramming people)[53]
  • 1982 Beijing attack (ramming people). 5 dead, 19 injured.[54]
  • 1982 Langfang attack (ramming and stabbing). 13 dead, 17 injured.[55]
  • 1983 Changde massacre (ramming people). 21 dead, 29 injured.[56]
  • 1983 Douglas Crabbe drove a 25-tonne Mack truck into the crowded bar of a motel at the base of Uluru on 18 August 1983. Five people were killed, and sixteen were seriously injured.
  • 1983 Beirut barracks bombings, Lebanon (building ramming and exploding)
  • 1984 Los Angeles attack (ramming people)[57]
  • 1993 Jacarepaguá attack (ramming people)[58][59][60][61][62]
  • 1994 - An off duty Federal Express pilot Auburn Calloway attacks the pilots of Federal Express Flight 705 and attempts to take over the plane so that he can crash into the airport. He is stopped by the pilots.[63]
  • 1995 New York City attack (ramming and stabbing).[64]
  • 1995 Shawn Nelson case, a plumber using a stolen tank to go on a rampage
  • 1998 Putian 26-day spree ramming.[65]
  • 1999 Emiko Taira (mother of Japanese pop singer Namie Amuro) and her husband Tatsunobu Taira were walking along a road near National Highway No. 58 in Ōgimi, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan when Tatsunobu's brother Kenji Taira backed his car into a telephone pole and ran over the couple on 17 March 1999. Emiko Taira was killed. Kenji Taira later committed suicide.[66]
  • 1999 Shimonoseki Station massacre (ramming and stabbing)
  • 2001 The Hamptons rampage, socialite Lizzie Grubman rams into a crowd outside a club with SUV (16 injured).
  • 2001 Kampala attack (ramming people)[67]
  • 2001 Dalian attack (ramming people). 1 dead, and 18 were injured.[68]
  • 2001 Shenzhen attack (ramming and stabbing). 8 dead and 4−7 injured.[69]
  • 2002 New York City attack (ramming people).[70]
  • 2002 San Cristóbal Ecatepec attack (ramming people).[71]
  • 2002 Murder of David Lynn Harris
  • 2003 Düsseldorf attack (ramming people)[72]
  • 2003 A psychologically unstable person kills one and hurts eighteen in Stockholm's old town. A second death later occurs in a hospital.[73]
  • 2004 Marvin Heemeyer case, a welder using an armored bulldozer to destroy buildings
  • 2005 Las Vegas attack (ramming people)[74]
  • 2006 Dublin attack (ramming people)[75]
  • 2006 Berlin attack (ramming people during soccer championship, found insane)[76]
  • 2006 Shenzhen attack (ramming and stabbing)[77][78]
  • 2006 San Francisco SUV rampage, 2006 case of a paranoid schizophrenic man from Afghanistan using an SUV to go on a rampage
  • 2007 Berrwiller attack (ramming people)[79]
  • 2008 Akihabara massacre, mass murder using a truck and a dagger
  • 2009 attack on the Dutch royal family (ramming people, attempt to attack the Dutch royals including the reigning monarch; 8 killed)
  • 2010 Zhengzhou attack (ramming people). 6 dead, 20 injured.[80]
  • 2010 Hebei tractor rampage, 2010 mass murder using a bucket loader
  • 2011 Changsha attack (ramming people). 5 dead, 5 injured.[81]
  • 2012 Pune attack (ramming people)[82]
  • 2012 Zhangjiajie attack (ramming people). 6 dead, 9 injured.[83]
  • 2012 Cardiff Hit and Run Rampage Matthew Tvrdon, under a psychotic episode, got angry with a woman and began ramming her and numerous pedestrians with his van over eight miles for 30 minutes, killing Karina Menzies and injuring 12 others. He admitted manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility and is detained indefinitely under the Mental Health Act.[84]
  • 2012 Fengning attack (ramming people)[85]
  • 2013 Tumon[86]
  • 2013 Venice, Los Angeles (one dead)[87]
  • 2014 Venezuelan protests, several cases of vehicle ramming during opposition protests by government supporters.
  • 2014 Isla Vista killings; Vehicle ramming attack, Stabbings, Shootings. 7 Dead.
  • 2014 Sopot attack, Poland[88] (ramming people)
  • 2014 Taipei attack against Presidential Office Building, Taiwan
  • 2014 Huaiwangtan attack (ramming and stabbing)[89]
  • 2014 Balipo attack (ramming and stabbing)[90]
  • 2014 Dijon attack, France (ramming people)
  • 2014 Nantes attack, France (ramming people)
  • 2014 Roppongi(Japan) Vehicle ramming attack(using a bicycle) and Violent Deeds.(Counter-Racist Action Collective(c.r.a.c) members attacking against Zaitokukai demonstration.)
  • 2015 Graz attack, mass murder using an SUV and a knife
  • 2015 Weifang attack (ramming people). 5 dead, 21 injured.[91]
  • 2015 Shuozhou attack (ramming people)[92]
  • 2016 Yichun attack (ramming people). 4 dead, 18 injured.[93]
  • 2016 Kalamazoo bicycle crash, 5 dead[94]
  • 2016 Scunthorpe road rage[95]
  • 2017 Venezuelan protests, several cases of vehicle rammings during opposition protests by security forces or government supporters, including the killing of Paúl Moreno.[96][97][98][99][100]
  • January 2017 Melbourne car attack in Melbourne, Australia in which six people were killed and 36 injured.[101]
  • 2017 Balneário Camboriú road rage[102]
  • 2017 Murder of Yadira Arroyo, EMT ran over and killed by mentally ill man in New York City[103]
  • 2017 Times Square car attack[104]
  • 2017 Heidelberg attack by mentally disturbed German student[105][106]
  • 2017 Müllrose, Germany, drug addict kills two cops while fleeing in stolen car after stabbing his grandmother to death[107]
  • 2017 Antwerp attack, failed car-ramming in Belgium[108]
  • 2017 Guatemala City, a car rammed into a student protest: 13 injured, one dead.[109]
  • 2017 Sandy, Utah attack, car-ramming and shooting in Sandy, Utah[110]
  • 2017 Jingjiang car attack (ramming people). 4 dead, 9 injured.[111]
  • 2017 Columbia attack (ramming people)[112]
  • July 2017 Helsinki attack, Finland, ramming people[113]
  • August 2017 Helsinki attack, Finland, failed ramming[114]
  • 2017 Chomutov incident, the Czech Republic, in which a driver was shot dead by an armed citizen after driving into a group of people
  • 2017 Sept-Sorts car attack, France, ramming a pizzeria, killing a schoolgirl[115]
  • 2017 Marseille van attack, France. A van rammed into two bus stops killing one woman and injuring another.[116]
  • December 2017 car attack in Perth, Australia, with one dead, four injured, three seriously.[117]
  • February 2018 car attack in Perth, Australia, with two injured, in suburban Mullaloo.[118]
  • 2018 Münster vehicle ramming (ramming crowd at an outdoor café, killing four and injuring 23; perpetrator then took his own life)[119]
  • 2018 Toronto van attack (ramming people; 11 killed and 15 injured)[120][121]
  • 2018 Gravesend attack (ramming people)[122]
  • 2018 Bessemer City, NC vehicle ramming[123]
  • 2018 Yantai attack (ramming people).[124]
  • 2018 Liuzhou attack (ramming and stabbing). 6 dead, 12 injured.[125]
  • 2018 Moscow attack (ramming people).[126][127]
  • 2018 Mishui vehicle attack (ramming people at a square, killing 15 people and injuring 43 others; perpetrator sentenced to death)[128]
  • 2018 Ningbo attack (ramming and stabbing). 3 dead, 15 injured.[129]
  • 2018 Brăila attack, Romania. Attacker was under effects of drugs.[130]
  • 2018 Newport Wales Hit and Run 4 injured on 29 April when a teen driver smashed into a crowd outside a nightclub claiming to try to stop a brawl, then fled and set his car on fire. He was found guilty of two counts of grievous bodily harm with intent, while two other teens pled guilty for their role in instigating the fight which preceded the attack.[131][132]
  • 2018 Huludao vehicle ramming (ramming people). 6 dead, 17 injured.[133]
  • 2019 Zaoyang car attack (ramming and stabbing). 6 dead, 8 injured.
  • 2019 Oberhausen, Bottrop and Essen car attack (ramming people). 8 injured.
  • August 2020 attack: Iraqi chases motor cyclists on Berlin's A100; trial for attempted murder to begin April 15.[134]
  • 2020 July 6 Seattle: During a protest against police brutality and the murder of George Floyd 1 dead and 1 injured[135]
  • 2020 Henstedt-Ulzburg ramming attack[136]
  • 2020 Trier attack, Germany. Five people were killed and 30 were injured after a drunk man, who suffered from mental health problems, rammed civilians on a street.[137]
  • 2021 Portland, Oregon ramming attack, one pedestrian killed and five others wounded. Driver arrested.[138]
  • 2021 Novara ramming, Italy. Driver intentionally rammed workers protesting outside a market. One worker was killed, and two others were wounded.[139]
  • 2021 Lakhimpur-Kheri Massacre in India. A Convoy of BJP ministers mowed down four protesting farmers. In retaliation, farmers killed four people from the convoy.

Motive not yet determined

Notes
  1. Accidental vehicle ramming causing multiple deaths or injuries to pedestrians or others also occurs, although rarely.[5] Some causes of such accidental mass-casualty vehicular ramming include drunk and drug–impaired driving, or underlying conditions such as dementia, narcolepsy, or epilepsy.[12] See also sudden unintended acceleration.[5]

See also

References
  1. "The National Vehicle Threat Mitigation Unit". Protect UK. 19 August 2021.
  2. Issued 13 December 2012 (14 February 2012). "Department of Homeland Security-FBI Warning: Terrorist Use of Vehicle Ramming Tactics". FBI and Department of Homeland Security. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  3. Rapoport, David C. (2006). Terrorism: The fourth or religious wave. Taylor & Francis. pp. 150–. ISBN 978-0-415-31654-5. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014.
  4. "Israel: Vehicle Attacks – A New Militant Tactic?". Stratfor Global Intelligence.
  5. "Mass casualty traffic incidents like Endymion's are rare, but do happen". New Orleans Times-Picayune. 27 February 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  6. Amanda Erickson & Isaac Stanley-Becker, How ramming cars into crowds became a major terror tactic, Washington Post (22 March 2017).
  7. Keating, Joshua (5 November 2014). "Why Terrorists Use Vehicles as Weapons". Slate. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  8. Jamison, Alastair (20 December 2016). "Truck Attacks: Low-Tech, Soft Target Terrorism Is Growing Threat". NBC News. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  9. David Ormerod, John Cyril Smith & Brian Hogan, Smith and Hogan's Criminal Law (13th ed. 2011: Oxford University Press), p. 1138: "There are at least six ways that a person might be held liable for causing a death by driving. At the most extreme it is possible for D[efendant] to be liable for murder, as when he drivers at V[ictim] with intent to kill or do gbh (great bodily harm)."
  10. R.G. Smart, "Transport Related Stress" in Stress Consequences: Mental, Neuropsychological and Socioeconomic (ed. George Fink: Academic Press, 2009), p. 708: "A national study in the United States found that ... of respondents ... 1-2% had gotten out of their cars to hurt other drivers, deliberately hit other drivers, or had carried a weapon."
  11. Audi driver pleads guilty after video shows him mowing down man in road-rage incident in New Brunswick, Canadian Press (28 February 2017).
  12. Alan R. Felthouse, "Personal Violence" in The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Forensic Psychiatry (2d ed.: eds. Robert I. Simon & Liza H. Gold), pp. 551-52: "An automobile is a potentially lethal machine. Litigation involving psychiatrists has resulted when a hospitalized patient, after discharges, caused a two-person vehicle accident with death or injuries to one or more victims ... Such cases involve three different types of scenarios. One is the vehicular crash that results from the patient's medication-induced drowsiness at the wheel ... The second scenario is a true accident but is unrelated to any prescribed medication. Rather, the patient's driving is impaired by the disabling effects of mental illness [or] recent consumption of nonprescribed drugs or alcohol. The third situation is when the patient deliberately crashes into another vehicle. Neuropsychiatric conditions that can be associated with an increased risk of vehicular crash include psychotic exacerbation of schizophrenia, profound or suicidal depression, dementia, and disturbances in consciousness, such as epilepsy and narcolepsy."
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  45. Como um bolide, atropelou o bloco carnavalesco, Correio da Manhã (3 January 1953)
  46. Atirou o auto contra o bloco carnavalesco, Ultima Hora (3 January 1953)
  47. Atirou o automovel contra todo o bloco carnavalesco, O Jornal (4 January 1953)
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    – Request refused, Reading Eagle (24 February 1978)
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  59. Jornal do Brasil, Jornal do Brasil (20 April 1993)
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  63. Federal Express Flight 705
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    – Suspect in Rampage Had Violent Outbursts of Temper, Relatives Say, The New York Times (12 July 1995)
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    – One dead after car strikes crowd on Las Vegas Strip, The Argus-Press (22 September 2005)
  75. Bus driver carried an axe to work, court hears, Irish Independent (8 June 2006)
    – Bus rampage driver admits death collision, Irish Independent (5 June 2008)
    – Bus driver found not guilty but insane, RTÉ News and Current Affairs (9 June 2008)
  76. Auto rast in Fanmeile, Stern (2 July 2006)
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