Carl Olof Rosenius

Rosenius was born in Nysätra in Västerbotten while his father, Anders Rosenius, was serving there as a parish pastor. His mother, Sara Margareta Norenius, was the daughter of Olof Norenius, a clergyman. Before Rosenius was born, his mother dreamed that he would be used by God. He was the third child of seven. His six siblings included Eric Andreas – who died as an infant – another brother also named Eric Andreas, Claes Johan, Sara Magdalene, Margareta Eliana, and Martin Gabriel. Two of his brothers would later receive a theological education: Eric Andreas, who went by Anton, became a preacher, and Martin Gabriel became a theology professor at Lund University.[4][5]

In Rosenius' home, religion was important; he received a religious education at an early age including the works of Martin Luther and Olov Svebilius.[6] His father, a simple, evangelical man, supported the revival movement in Sweden as part of the Reader (läsare) movement, bringing it to Nysätra in 1814.[7]

As a child, he found an early interest in spiritual matters. He was known to leave his friends while playing to walk alone in the forest and ponder the existence of God. Later, he was said to have tested whether God existed or not: putting a blindfold over his eyes, he tested whether God would guide his steps to the door of the barn. However, as he started to walk, a strange feeling made him stop – there he stood just at the edge of a deep well, and if he had walked any further, he would have fallen in. Rosenius took this as a sign from God.[8] When Rosenius was thirteen, his family moved to the town of Sävar. They were poor and his parents sent the boys to the city in 1828. He attended school in Piteå, writing small, spiritually-themed letters even as a child.[9]

At the age of fifteen, he experienced a crisis of faith and religious breakthrough. Having read a translation of Erik Pontoppidan's Heller Glaubensspiegel, which states that even the most seemingly-zealous believer who knows the entire Bible and can even perform miracles can still go to hell without true faith, Rosenius was shaken and became sullen for some time. This experience impressed upon him the importance of conversion and a living faith.[10] Rosenius' breakthrough was also influenced by Lutheran revivalist preacher Pehr Brandell.[11][12]

While studying in Umeå as a teenager, he led conventicles or private religious gatherings, during school holidays. He was called "the second Luther" and "the little Reformer". Rosenius completed his gymnasium education in Härnösand.[1][3] He planned to study theology in Uppsala, so to raise money for his education, he took a venia position through the Church of Sweden, a paid role which gave lay preachers the right to preach at certain parishes.[5] In 1831, he received a preaching contract for a Reader congregation, which only read the works of Luther, in Röbäck near Umeå. He held small gatherings where he preached and read Luther. Bishop Frans Michael Franzén became familiar with the young Rosenius, seeing him as a promising preacher.[5] A sermon that Rosenius delivered in Härnösand in 1833 is said to have impressed Franzén through its emphasis on the central Lutheran doctrine of justification by faith. He also assisted his father in preaching.[2]

Around this time, Rosenius first met traveling Reader lay preacher Maja-Lisa Söderlund while visiting his parents in the Burträsk area. She was twenty-two years his senior and supported him throughout his development at home as well as in Stockholm and Uppsala.[13] He often wrote home to her when his courage failed him, as it often did during his student years. Söderlund was widely known in northern Västerbotten for her knowledge of the Bible and her ability to inspire hope in difficult times while the Conventicle Act severely restricted laymen's opportunities to preach outside the framework of the household. He referred to her as the "prophetess from Stor-Kåge".[14] A number of spiritual sayings and advice in Rosenius' Nytt och Gammalt från Nådens Rike, eller Några Guds ord och Wishetens goda ordspråk Samlade af C. O. Rosenius 1838 are attributed to her, as well as an excerpt printed in the February 1844 edition of Pietisten.[15]

In 1838 Rosenius began his theological studies at Uppsala University but was forced to give them up after a year due to failing health and financial difficulties. He instead found employment as a private tutor at Länna farm outside of Stockholm. At this point he was beset with serious religious doubts, including on the credibility of the Bible. In 1839, he met the Methodist minister George Scott in Stockholm, who had initially come to Sweden in 1830 to work as a preacher for British workers. However, Scott quickly learned Swedish and began revivalist preaching with a goal of inspiring spiritual renewal among the Swedish people in a manner that deemphasized religious sectarianism.[16] Rosenius' conversations with Scott, in which he also analyzed the Bible, helped dispel his uncertainties and "made him understand the vital role of the Christian laymen and gave him a vision of unity across the denominational borders."[17] In 1840, he was offered the opportunity to assist Scott in his ministry. It was unheard of at the time for a Lutheran preacher to work with a non-Lutheran for the purposes of evangelism. Regarding his ecumenical mission work, Rosenius stated:

Even if in the future I should work with Methodist preachers, it will only be on the grounds and conditions I have mentioned, namely that I may sacrifice my life and energies for Christ and his commandments, not for Wesley or Luther, who are dead, who were mere servants, and who would be no head of the church. I will sacrifice my life, my service for the one, holy, universal Church. If its members are childish enough to be called Pauline, Apollonian, Cephian – it will be all the same to me what name they take, as long as they belong to Christ. Then they are my brothers and I will serve them.[18]

The opportunity marked a significant moment in Rosenius' life: he abandoned his plans of becoming a priest and moved to Stockholm to work with Scott at the newly built Engelska kapellet (English Chapel) near Hötorget (Haymarket Square). Rosenius traveled around Stockholm as a preacher and colporteur, preaching in homes and at times to the well-to-do in larger meeting rooms. Lars Paul Esbjörn, later founder of the Augustana Evangelical Lutheran Church, also worked with Scott at this time and was influenced by Rosenius. The same year, they met American preacher and temperance activist Robert Baird, who had come to work with Scott and Peter Wieselgren, another key temperance figure.[19] In 1841, while Scott was on a fundraising trip in the United States, Rosenius took on a greater role and was responsible for the running of the church in his absence.

Rosenius preaching in Bethlehem Church, likely sometime around 1864–1867.

In 1842 Scott started the publication Pietisten to provide "practical edification without polemics", of which Rosenius was the editor. Its sales also helped support Rosenius financially.[3] That year, however, increasing public controversy and threats over Scott's preaching forced him to leave Sweden, and the English Chapel ceased operations. Rosenius did not, however, curtail his activities, despite the fact that his preaching as a layman outside of the state church violated the Conventicle Act, in effect until 1858. He believed strongly in the priesthood of all believers and had a strong desire to preach when he had been called upon to by others. This led to him being summoned to the chief of police, but he continued preaching where he had been called. Rosenius' preaching work was financially supported by the non-denominational American and Foreign Christian Union.[19] He became a leader in the growing religious revival of Sweden, traveling throughout the country, preaching both at private gatherings (conventicles) and in public halls. Rosenius did face doubts at this time, however, stating in a letter to future bishop of the Diocese of Lund, Johan Henrik Thomander, that he felt "to preach and to be 'in the vineyard among the people', would be more his calling than writing, but that he is 'not fit to be a priest'."[20][21]

Rosenius often preached extemporaneously. On hearing Rosenius, preacher Paul Petter Waldenström described his preaching in his Norrland dialect as natural and down-to-earth, with "no pompous words, no grandiose claims". Rosenius spoke calmly and did not preach loudly and emotionally or with dramatic gestures. Writer August Strindberg, upon seeing Rosenius preach, stated he "looked like peace and beamed with heavenly joy."[2]

On August 2, 1843, Rosenius married Agatha Lindberg in Umeå.[14] The couple had seven children, including painter Elisabeth Nyström and Per Efraim Rosenius (1855–1932), who became a liberal journalist in Karl Staaff and Hjalmar Branting's circles.[22][3]

The same year, he wrote in Pietisten about his plans to form the Swedish Evangelical Alliance, an ecumenical organization where Christians could work together for the goal of evangelism despite denominational differences. When it was later formed, he joined the headquarters' board of directors. However, when Baptist Karl Justin Mathias Möllersvärd, working for the organization as a colporteur, began to promote rebaptism, Rosenius along with rector Per Magnus Elmblad left the board "as he did not want it to be perceived as a platform for Baptist propaganda".[23]

In 1849, he helped found the Swedish Diaconal Institution, now known as Ersta diakoni, and supported mission work, colportage, and social work in Stockholm.[3]

Rosenius was also a close friend of the "Reader Count" Adolphe Stackelberg at Stensnäs Manor. Together they started a parish in Västervik in 1854. This was the starting point for the evangelical revival in Kalmar County to organize missionary societies, which in turn eventually gave rise to the Östra Småland Missionary Society.

The Swedish Evangelical Mission, intended to bring together the different revival groups, was formed by Hans Jacob Lundborg in 1856. Rosenius supported its founding.[17][24] A year later the organization bought the English Church's old building and reopened it as Bethlehem Church. Rosenius was able to work there as well as on numerous preaching trips throughout the country. He continued to edit and publish Pietisten, which went from 2,000 subscribers to 10,000 between 1850 and 1860.[3] Readers – both laypeople and clergy – sought his advice; he received multiple letters a day.[25] He published the journal until his death along with publishing and editing Missionstidningen and several other magazines.[24] During his last years he wrote an extensive series of articles on the Epistle to the Romans that appeared in Pietisten. On Pentecost Sunday, 1867, Rosenius suffered a stroke in the pulpit of St. John's Church in Gothenburg. He died the following year. He is buried in St. John's Cemetery in Stockholm.[26]

• Lodin, Sven (1959). C. O. Rosenius: biografi (in Norwegian Bokmål). Translated by Andersen, Knut. Bergen: A. S Lunde & Co's forlag.
• Norborg, Sverre (1975). C.O. Rosenius, Nordens evangelist (in Norwegian Bokmål). Oslo: Lunde. ISBN 9788252036206.