Carpathian German Party

The Carpathian German Party (German: Karpatendeutsche Partei, abbreviated KdP) was a political party in Czechoslovakia, active amongst the Carpathian German minority of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus'.[1][2] It began as a bourgeois centrist party, but after teaming up with the Sudeten German Party in 1933 it developed in a National Socialist orientation.[3]

Carpathian German Party
Karpatendeutsche Partei
ChairpersonRoland Steinacker (1928–1933)
Desider Alexy (1933–1935)
Franz Karmasin (1935–1938)
FoundedJuly 1928
Dissolved1938
Preceded byKarpatendeutsche Volksgemeinschaft
Succeeded byGerman Party
NewspaperDeutsche Stimmen (1934–1938)
IdeologyGerman nationalism
Nazism (later stages)
Political positionFar-right
National affiliationGerman Electoral Coalition (1929)
Sudeten German Party (1935–1938)
Chamber of Deputies of Czechoslovakia (1935)
1 / 300
Senate of Czechoslovakia (1935)
1 / 150

Karpathendeutsche Volksgemeinschaft

The KdP originated in 1927 as the Karpathendeutsche Volksgemeinschaft (KDV, 'Carpathian German Ethnic Community'), founded by men like Dr. Roland Steinacker (a professor in Theology from Bratislava), the Sudeten German industrialist Karl Manouschek, Dr. Samuel Früwirt, Carl Eugen Schmidt (a Protestant pastor) and the engineer Franz Karmasin.[3][4][5][6][2][7] The KDV was based mainly in Bratislava and surroundings, and gathered its members from the German bourgeoisie and sympathizers of various political parties (like the Farmers' League, the German National Party and the German Democratic Progressive Party).[8] It also organized Sudeten Germans living in Slovakia.[8]

Party foundation

The KdP was constituted as a political party in July 1928 in Nálepkovo/Wagendrüssel, with their eyes on the upcoming parliamentary election.[3][5][9][10] The KdP was chaired by Dr. Roland Steinacker until 1933.[3]

The party had a Christian and anti-Marxist outlook, and positioned itself as a party loyal to the Czechoslovak state.[10][11] A key concern of the founders of the KdP was to steer Germans in Slovakia away from Magyar-dominated parties.[6] The new party hoped to break the political hegemony of the Zipser German Party.[12] In terms of identity, the KdP put forward the notion of a 'Carpathian German' identity as opposed to the 'Zipser German' identity traditionally linked to the Hungarian monarchy.[9]

1929 election

KdP contested the 1929 parliamentary election as part of the German Electoral Coalition, in alliance with the Farmers' League (BdL) and the German Labour and Economic Community (DAWG).[3] Whilst the alliance won 16 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and nine seats in the Senate, no KdP candidates were elected.[3] The alliance obtained 16,922 votes in the areas of the Carpathian Germans (Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus').[13]

1933–1934

Desider Alexy became the KdP chairman in 1933.[3] With the National Socialist seizure of power in Germany, KdP gradually moved closer to the Sudeten German Heimatsfront (which later evolved into the Sudeten German Party).[14][15] The party founded the weekly newspaper Deutsche Stimmen ('German Voices') as its organ in 1934.[16][17][18]

1935 election

In the 1935 parliamentary election KdP contested together with the Sudeten German Party.[3] The agreement between the two parties was reached on March 28, 1935.[19] One KdP candidate was elected, Siegmund Keil who contested a Senate seat in the Nové Zámky 11th electoral district.[3] Moreover, Karmasin was elected to the Chamber of Deputies as a SdP candidate from the Jihlava 10th electoral district.[3] In the Czechoslovak National Assembly SdP and KdP formed joint factions in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.[3] All in all, KdP had polled around 30,000 votes (compared to a total number of around 150,000 Carpathian Germans).[6] Effectively KdP did not become as dominant a force in the Carpathian German community that the SdP had done in the Sudetenland.[6]

Union with SdP

In November 1935 KdP entered into an organic union with SdP, in line with the Führer principle.[6][12] The official name of SdP became the 'Sudeten German and Carpathian German Party' (Sudetendeutsche und Karpatendeutsche Partei).[12][20] KdP organization was remodelled after that of SdP.[6] Karmasin was named by SdP leader Konrad Henlein as his deputy for the Carpathian region.[3][6][21] The symbol of KdP was modelled after that of the SdP, an elongated red shield which carried the letters "KdP".[22]

As the alliance with the Sudeten German Party being cemented, KdP began to expand its reach among a younger generation of Germans in Slovakia.[6] Many of the new adherents of KdP had returned from German-language technical schools in Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia or the German University in Prague.[6] KdP was able to build a relatively strong presence in central Slovakia and managed to gain a role amongst younger generation in Zips as well.[12] However the older generation of Zipser Germans and communists sympathizers remained sceptical of Karmasin and his party.[9][12]

Alliance with Magyar parties

Henlein visited Bratislava on April 27, 1936.[9] During his visit he appealed to the leaders of the Magyar parties to form an alliance.[9] Such an alliance, which became a reality in the 1937 local elections, meant that the United Magyar Party broke its links to the Zipser German Party.[9] The Zipser German Party was routed in the 1937 polls.[9]

Banned

The KdP and SdP were banned by the Czechoslovak government in the midst of the Sudeten Crisis in September 1938.[3][6] On 8 October 1938 the German Party was set up as a successor organization for the KdP.[23] Karmasin would later become the Slovak Secretary of State for German Affairs and then a Waffen-SS Sturmbannführer.[24]

References
  1. J. Krejcí; P. Machonin (11 August 1998). Czechoslovakia, 1918–92: A Laboratory for Social Change. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-230-37721-9.
  2. Giuseppe Motta (25 March 2014). Less than Nations: Central-Eastern European Minorities after WWI, Volumes 1 and 2. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-4438-5859-5.
  3. Mads Ole Balling (1991). Von Reval bis Bukarest: Einleitung, Systematik, Quellen und Methoden, Estland, Lettland, Litauen, Polen, Tschechoslowakei. Dokumentation Verlag. pp. 277–280, 397, 449. ISBN 978-87-983829-3-5.
  4. Kovac, Dusan (2010). "Die Karpatendeutsche Identität im Kräftefeld der mitteleuropäischen Politik 1918-1845". In Marija Wakounig (ed.). Nation, Nationalitäten und Nationalismus im östlichen Europa: Festschrift für Arnold Suppan zum 65. Geburtstag. Wolfgang Mueller, Michael Portmann. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 249–62. ISBN 9783643502414. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  5. Karl Bosl (1979). Die erste Tschechoslowakische Republik als multinationaler Parteienstaat: Vorträge d. Tagungen d. Collegium Carolinum in Bad Wiessee vom 24.-27. November 1977 u. vom 20.-23. April 1978. Oldenbourg. pp. 213–214. ISBN 978-3-486-49181-4.
  6. The Expulsion of the German Population from Czechoslovakia. 1960. pp. 138–140.
  7. Egbert K. Jahn (1971). Die Deutschen in der Slowakei in den Jahren 1918–1929: Beitrag zur Nationalitätenproblematik. Oldenbourg. p. 122. ISBN 978-3-486-43321-0.
  8. Paul Brosz (1992). Das letzte Jahrhundert der Karpatendeutschen in der Slowakei. Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Karpatendeutschen aus der Slowakei. pp. 72–73.
  9. Marija Wakounig; Wolfgang Mueller; Michael Portmann (2010). Nation, Nationalitäten und Nationalismus im östlichen Europa: Festschrift für Arnold Suppan zum 65. Geburtstag. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 257, 262. ISBN 978-3-643-50241-4.
  10. Jörg Meier (2006). Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte der Deutschen in der Slowakei. Weidler. p. 45. ISBN 978-3-89693-462-8.
  11. Roland Schönfeld (2000). Slowakei: vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. F. Pustet. p. 136. ISBN 978-3-7917-1723-4.
  12. Österreichische Osthefte. Vol. 33 (1–2 ed.). Österreichisches Ost- und Südosteuropa-Institut. 1991. pp. 278–279.
  13. Manuel Statistique de la Republique Tchecoslovaque. IV. 1932. Prague. Annuaire Statistique de la Republique Tchecoslovaque. pp. 401–402
  14. German Foreign Policy. Institute for International Relations. 1963. p. 77.
  15. Nation und Staat; deutsche Zeitschrift fur das europaische minoritatenproblem. Vol. 16. 1942. p. 149.
  16. Ernst Hochberger; Anton Scherer; Friedrich Spiegel-Schmidt (January 1994). Die Deutschen zwischen Karpaten und Krain. Langen Müller. p. 36. ISBN 978-3-7844-2478-1.
  17. Josef Spetko (1991). Die Slowakei: Heimat der Völker. Amalthea. p. 91. ISBN 978-3-85002-306-1.
  18. Ján Tibenský (1980). Slovensko: Kultúra. Obzor. p. 597.
  19. Gerhard L. Weinberg (18 October 2013). Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II. Enigma Books. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-936274-84-0.
  20. Ross, Harold Wallace; Shawn, William; Brown, Tina; White, Katharine Sergeant Angell; Remnick, David; Irvin, Rea; Angell, Roger (1980). Great Soviet Eccyclopedia. p. 205.
  21. United States. Dept. of State. Division of European Affairs; Raymond Edward Murphy; Francis Bowden Stevens; Howard Trivers; Joseph Morgan Roland (1943). National socialism: basic principles, their application by the Nazi party's foreign organization, and the use of Germans abroad for Nazi aims. U.S. Govt. Print. Off. p. 480. ISBN 9780598902481.
  22. John Randolph Angolia; David Littlejohn; C. M. Dodkins (1 January 1974). Edged weaponry of the Third Reich. R. J. Bender. p. 84. ISBN 9780912138114.
  23. Mads Ole Balling (1991). Von Reval bis Bukarest: Einleitung, Systematik, Quellen und Methoden, Estland, Lettland, Litauen, Polen, Tschechoslowakei. Dokumentation Verlag. pp. 283–284. ISBN 978-87-983829-3-5.
  24. Adams, Jefferson (2009). "Karmasin, Franz (1901–1970)". Historical Dictionary of German Intelligence. Scarecrow Press. p. 223. ISBN 9780810863200.
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