Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan

The petroleum industry in Azerbaijan produces about 873,260 barrels (138,837 m3) of oil per day and 29 billion cubic meters of gas per year as of 2013.[1] Azerbaijan is one of the birthplaces of the oil industry.

Onshore oil fields in Azerbaijan
Offshore oil fields in Azerbaijan

The State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (known as SOCAR), a fully state-owned national oil and gas company headquartered in Baku, Azerbaijan, is a major source of income for the authoritarian regime in Azerbaijan.[2] The company is run in an opaque manner, as it has complex webs of contracts and middlemen that non-government watchdog organizations say have led to the enrichment of the country's ruling elites.[2]

Early history
Oil refinery in Baku, circa 1912

There is evidence of petroleum being used in trade as early as the 3rd and 4th centuries.[3] Information on the production of oil on the Apsheron peninsula can be found in the manuscripts of many Arabic and Persian authors.

The following paragraph from the accounts of the famous traveler Marco Polo "il Milione" is believed to be a reference to Baku oil:

"Near the Georgian border there is a spring from which gushes a stream of oil, in such abundance that a hundred ships may load there at once. This oil is not good to eat; but it is good for burning and as a salve for men and camels affected with itch or scab. Men come from a long distance to fetch this oil, and in all the neighborhood no other oil is burnt but this."[4]

A 1593 inscription in Balaxani commemorates a manually dug well, 35 m deep.[5]

Historical production

The Turkish scientist and traveller of the second part of the 17th century, Evliya Çelebi, reported that "the Baku fortress was surrounded by 500 wells, from which white and black acid refined oil was produced".

In 1636 Adam Oleary Elshleger (1603–1671), a German diplomat and traveler, gave description of 30 Baku oil wells and remarked that some of them were gushers.

The first detailed description of the Baku oil industry was made by Engelbert Kaempfer, Secretary of the Swedish Embassy to Persia (Iran) in 1683. In his notes he confirms the existence of places where natural gas discharges to the surface. Kaempfer describes "flaming steppe" as follows: it "...constitutes a peculiar and wonderful sight, for some of the fissures were blazing with big, others with quite flame and was allowing everybody to come up; thirds emitted smoke or at any case minimum perceptible evaporation that was sending off heavy and stinking taste of oil. It was occupying the territory of 88 steps in length and 26 in width." (improved translation needed)

Many 18th and 19th century European accounts of the Caucasus refer to the Fire Temple of Baku at Suraxanı raion, where the fire was fed by natural gas from a cavern beneath the site.

Pre-revolution period
First oil fields in Bibiheybət in the outskirts of Baku

Haji Kasimbey Mansurbekov, in 1803 for the first time in the world, began sea oil extraction in Bibi-Heybat bay from two wells in 18m and 30m away from coast line. First offshore oil extraction was abandoned when a strong storm in 1825 destroyed the wells.

In 1806, the Russian Empire occupied Baku Khanate and took monopolistic control of oil production.[5] Later exclusive rights to produce oil were given to individuals, thereby creating the Persian otkupchina lease system. That year all oil sources of Absheron, Guba and Salyan belonging to Baku khanate were requisitioned and declared state assets of Russia; and also, by the time of the joining of the Baku khanate to Russia about 120 wells were placed in the Baku area; the annual extraction from these wells made up about 200 thousand poods of oil.

In 1837, the Russians built an oil-distilling factory in Balaxani.[5]

Oil extraction methods in those times were very primitive —mainly hand-dug wells, drilled to very shallow depths. The production volume of those years can be judged from data provided in 1842 by the Caspian Chamber of the Department of State Property Ministry. It refers to 136 wells around Absheron, which produced 3,760 cubic metres (23,600 bbl) per year, and this oil was exported to Persia, where it was used for lighting as well as in ointments and other traditional remedies.

As a result of otkupschina monopoly and the absence of growing demand, annual oil production in the first half of the 19th century remained unchanged at 250–300 poods (4–5 thousand tons). In 1813, the number of producing wells was 116, then 125 in 1825, 120 in 1850, and only 218 in 1860. Otkupschina system meant that oil production was monopolized by a set of individuals who saw no incentive to increase production or improve drilling methods. In 1844 – a report detailing ideas developed by Nikolay Voskoboynikov (1801–1860) on drilling for oil rather than digging pits by hand is presented to the Russian government on the Caucasus (Baku region) by Vasily Semyonov (1801–1863). In 1845 Grand Duke Mikhail Vorontsov (1782–1856), Governor of the Caucasus authorizes funds for oil drilling considering the ideas of N.I. Voskoboynikov.

In 1846, under the supervision of state advisor V.N. Semyonov an engineer Alekseev drilled a 21 m deep well using a primitive percussion drilling mechanism, in Bibiheybət to explore for oil, with positive results. More than a decade later, on August 27, 1859, "Colonel" Edwin L. Drake struck oil on American soil for the first time.[6][7][5]

A small petrochemical industry sprung up around Baku, as demand for kerosene soared locally. Vasily Kokorev, Peter Gubonin and German baron N.E. Tornow built the first kerosene factory in Surakhany. The factory was used to produce kerosene out of "kir", an asphalt-like substance. In 1859, N.I. Vitte, a Tiflis pharmacist, built the second paraffin-producing factory on Pirallahi Island.

Up until the 1870s, Russia had a state oil monopoly for petroleum production and reserves around Baku, based on 3-4 year contracts. Production was limited to bailing seepage from shallow wells dug manually. The oil was then transported by arbos (horse carriages carrying 2 barrels) to the shore of Baku bay. There, kerosene was distilled in open stills, and then transported to Russian markets, especially St. Petersburg, via ship over the Caspian Sea and Volga River. In 1873, a new law replaced the contract-monolopy with a long-term lease system, and removed the kerosene excise tax in 1877.[8]

In 1871, Ivan Mirzoev, an ethnic Armenian who was then an otkupchina monopolist, built the first wooden oil derrick followed by another the next year.[9][10] Drilling was conducted primitively with a balance arm, whim and manual pump.

Robert Nobel arrived in Baku in March 1873, where he purchased an oil refinery, and in 1875, purchased a large portion of the Balakhani Oil Field, where he built a new refinery. Nobel Brothers Petroleum Production Company was founded in 1877, followed by Branobel in 1879. They added infrastructure, including Russia's first pipeline system in 1877, pumping stations, storage depots, railway tank cars, and the first oil tanker, the Zoroaster. In 1881, they introduced continuous multi-still distillation, and hired Hjalmar Sjögren as the company geologist in 1885. The Nobels built Villa Petrolea as a company town that included apartments, houses, schools, and libraries, while employees were given profit-sharing and free education.[8]

The Baku Petroleum Association was formed in 1884, to prevent the exportation of crude oil. Instead, a large kerosene pipeline was constructed between 1897 and 1907, connecting Baku to Batum.[8]: 46–47 

The oil barons in Baku established their own organization, the Oil Extractors Congress Council for the discussion of the oil business. They created their own magazine, Neftyanoe Delo (Oil Business), a library, school, hospital, and pharmacy. For six years, the Council of Oil Extractors Congress was directed by Ludvig Nobel.

The oil industry greatly influenced the architectural appearance of Baku as a modern city. Administrative, social and municipal institutions were established which, in turn, made decisions about the city's illumination, roads, streets, buildings, telephone stations, and horse-drawn trolleys. Gardens and parks were laid out and hotels, casinos and beautiful stores were built.

First, exclusive rights to develop Baku oil fields were in the hands of Russian-registered businesses, and only in 1898 foreign companies were granted rights to explore and develop oil fields as well as to participate in the annual bidding process. Between 1898 and 1903 British oil firms invested 60 million rubles in Baku oil fields. Ethnic Armenians also contributed to the oil production and drilling around Baku. They reportedly ran almost one-third of the region's oil industry by 1900.[11]

Oil production
Oil wells in Baku, Azerbaijan, "Where it Rains Petroleum", ca. 1909

Between 1898 and 1901, Baku produced more oil than the United States. By 1901, half of the world's oil was produced from 1900 wells, located within 6 square miles.[8]: 25, 56 

The main oil-producing regions were located near Baku at Sabunchy, Surakhany and Bibi-Heybat. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the Sabunchi region produced 35% of Baku's oil, and the Bibi-Heybat region produced 28%, followed by the Romany and the Balakhany regions. Most oil production came from oil gushers in the early days, although this was a very uneconomical and environmentally-harmful process. However, the share of blowout production in the total decreased as the equipment improved. In 1887 blowouts had accounted for 42% of recovered oil, but by 1890 their prevalence decreased to 10.5%.

Foreign capital dominated the oil industry of pre-revolutionary Russia. On the eve of the World War I three companies ("Russian General Oil Company", "Royal Dutch Shell" and "Partnership of Nobel Brothers"). held 86% of all share capital and controlled 60% of oil production. In 1903, 12 English companies with capital of 60 million rubles were functioning in Baku region. In 1912, Anglo-Dutch Shell obtained 80% of the shares of the Caspian-Black Sea Society "Mazut", which had belonged to De Rothschild Frères. Other British firms purchased oil operations from Hajji Zeynalabdin Taghiyev.

In 1898, the Russian oil industry produced more than the U.S. oil production level. At that time, approximately 8 million tons were being produced (160,000 barrels (25,000 m3) of oil per day). By 1901, Baku produced more than half of the world's oil (11 million tons or 212,000 barrels (33,700 m3) of oil per day), and 55% of all Russian oil. Approximately 1.2 million tons of Baku kerosene were also sold abroad.

Local oil barons and foreign oil companies
A painting of Zeynalabdin Taghiyev
  • Branobel Operating Company – largest single oil producer in Azerbaijan at 25,000 bop/d in 1914. Largest refiner and transporter of oil, as well as retailer of kerosene in Europe. Markets of France, Turkey, Greece and Germany were fully supplied by Nobel-produced kerosene and other products.
  • De Rothschild Frères – trading and shipping in association with Shell. Possessed largest tanker fleet in the Caspian after Nobels.
  • Alexander Mantashev – a Russian oil tycoon, the owner of the third largest oil company in Baku, A.I. Mantashev & Co., by 1904.
  • Calouste Gulbenkian – a British-Armenian oil tycoon, nicknamed "Mr Five Per Cent". He arranged the merger of Royal Dutch Petroleum Company with "Shell" Transport and Trading Company Ltd. and emerged as a major shareholder of the newly formed company, Royal Dutch Shell.[12]
  • Royal Dutch Shell – Shell acted through following associated companies: the Caspian Black Sea Society, Caucasus, S.M. Shibayev, and Co. Shell-led consortium produced a fifth of Russian output up to 1914. Royal Dutch Shell's output from the Baku oil fields was 15,000 boppd in 1914.
  • Zeynalabdin Taghiyev – oil, textiles and fishing. His firm was producing 1,900 bbl/d (300 m3/d) in 1887 and occupied 4th place in refining business.[13]
  • Aga Musa Nagiyev – oil and real estate. He was the second-largest Azerbaijani oil producer and largest native producer.
  • Murtuza Mukhtarov – oil drilling services.
  • Shamsi Asadullayev – oil shipping, largest native industrialist.
  • James Vishau and Anglo-Russian Oil Company
  • Trade House Benkendorf and Co – oil production.
  • The Russian Oil General Corporation – established in London in 1912 by the most important Russian and foreign banks, united 20 companies. These included A.I. Mantashev & Co., G.M. Lianozov Sons, Adamov and sonsMoscow-Caucasus Trade Company, Caspian Partnership, Russian Petroleum Society, Absheron Petroleum Society and others. This agglomeration produced more than 30% of Russian oil by 1916.
Distribution of Russian oil producers in 1900–13

There were other entrepreneurs with lower rank who also made contributions to industrial development of Azerbaijan, such as Haji Baba Alekperov, Agasibek Ashurbeyov, Ali Bala Zarbaliyev, Kerbalay Zarbaliyev, Huseyin Melikov, G. Bagirov, G. Aliyev, S. Zminov, Amir-Aslanov brothers and others were owners of oil-field areas in Sabunchi, Balakhani, Romani, Shubani, Bibi-Heybat.

Subsurface and drilling

By the late 1890s, large companies started to employ geologists to describe and map prospective structures. Geologist and oil specialist Dmitry Golubyatnikov began a systematic investigation of Absheron and predicted the availability of oil deposits in Surakhany field. In 1901, the Pirallahi oil field was discovered and put on production. Scientists like Ivan Gubkin, Golubyatnikov and Uskin described the productive series deposits of Azerbaijan and the process generation for the first time in 1916.

By the early 20th century, innovation started to improve hitherto backward well drilling practices. Most of the wells up to that time were drilled by cable-tool drilling method, which limited the exploitation to shallow depth.

Qualified engineers (of which Fatulla Rustambeyov is the first Azeri national) contributed to the improvement of well designs. By early 1913 the following changes occurred in some of largest producers such as Branobel.

  • Transition from percussion cable-tool drilling to rotary drilling using electrical drive.
  • Use of thread line casing pipe instead of valve strings during drilling.
  • Replacement of wooden derricks with metal ones.
  • The process of gaslift was tested for the first time in 1915 in Romani field.
  • The compression during transportation of oil and gas was introduced in 1911.

Storage and transportation

In 1858, one of the major shipping companies on the Caspian Sea – joint-stock company "Kavkaz and Merkuriy" was established and served as the first oil shipping outlet.

Great changes were introduced in the area of oil storage by Nobels. To counteract the waste of the ground pits, vessels and lakes where great quantities of oil evaporated or simply penetrated back into the ground, the company started to use iron reservoirs for oil storage.

The Oil Gush in Balakhany, one of the earliest films ever produced, directed by the pioneer of cinema in Azerbaijan, Alexander Mishon

The first successful oil tanker in the world – a refurbished metal ship called Zoroastr – was built in 1877 in Sweden by Nobels. By 1890 345 tankers, including 133 steam vessels and 212 sailing vessels were sailing on the Caspian Sea. For instance, Mazut Trading Co, created by Rothschild Frères in 1898, possessed 13 tankers in Caspian Sea alone. During these years, native Azerbaijani shipowners appeared, of which the largest fleet belonged to Shamsi Asadullayev.

In 1877, construction of the first-ever oil pipeline linking Surakhany oil field and refinery in Baku was completed. By 1890, there were more than 25 pipelines totaling 286 km.

The Nobel Brothers were the first to introduce railway tanks (cisterns) for oil transportation, when the railway link between Baku and Tiflis was built in 1883. The situation with limited exporting options was solved by the construction of the Baku–Batum pipeline. After 1936 Batum renamed to Batumi. Construction began in 1897 and was completed 10 years later under supervision of Professor N. L. Szhukin.[14]

Revolution and Soviet Republic

Several oil crises jolted Russia around 1903, when constant strikes, violence and ethnic strife during Russian Revolution of 1905 led to fall in the oil production from the peak of 212,000 bbl/d (33,700 m3/d). The relative calm of the early 1910s was disrupted by World War I, when production of oil steadily decreased to reach the lowest level of just 65,000 bbl/d (10,300 m3/d) by 1918 and then dropped even more catastrophically by 1920. As a result of civil unrest no oil export was possible, oil storage facilities were damaged and wells were idle. The government of Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan was unable to restore the damage done to the oil industry during its time in office between 1918 and 1920.

Since 1918, more 5 mln ton of oil accumulated in Azerbaijan. After the occupation of Azerbaijan by Bolsheviks, all oil supplies were directed to Russia. All oil assets in the country were nationalized and Azneft State company was formed. In 1920, Alexander P. Serebrovsky, soon to be known as the "Soviet Rockefeller", was named head of Azneft.[15]

In 1920, only 1800 qualified specialists worked in the Russian oil industry of which 1232 worked in Azerbaijan. The industry urgently needed technology, education and specialists. The scientific exchange started with the US, where visitors from Baku were seconded to oil-fields in Pennsylvania, Oklahoma, California, Texas, learned new methods of well deepening and exploitation. The Azerbaijan State Oil Academy was established in 1920 to train oil specialists.

By the late 1920s, production stabilized. In 1928–29, oil production in the USSR equaled to 13.5 mln t including Azerbaijan's 8.7 mln t. By 1940, the total production of Azerbaijan – 23.5 mln. t (475,000 bbl/d (75,500 m3/d)) – was a historical record not broken until 2005.

Advancement in drilling and logging practices

For the first time in Russia in 1925, Baku engineer M.M. Skvortsov constructed a device for the automatic movement of a chisel, which became known as the "automatic driller". By 1930, electrical logging tools were used in the wellbore by Schlumberger in the Surakhany oil field.

A new technology in drilling was introduced in Baku: electrical aggregates with exact control of the number of rotations came into widespread use. By the early 1930s, about third of well stock was operated with pumps using gas lift. In 1933, the first deviated well was drilled in the Bibi-Heybat field.

Other firsts were:

  • 1936 saw the beginning of the industrial application of the multi-stepped turbo drill without a reducer which had been invented by Shumilov, Taghiyev and others.
  • For the first time in the world, an oil well was drilled by the electro-drilling construction which was introduced by engineers Ostrovsky, Aleksandrov and others in Kala oil field.

World War II

Between 1939 and 1940, when the Soviet Union was supplying oil to Nazi Germany, Britain and France planned a major strategic bombing offensive called Operation Pike to destroy the oil production facilities in Baku.

During that first year of the war, Azerbaijan produced 25.4 million tons of oil – a record. By the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in February 1942, the commitment of more than 500 workers and employees of the oil industry of Azerbaijan was recognised by the giving of orders and medals of the USSR.

By the end of the year, so many engineers and oil workers had left for the war front that positions had to be filled by women. By the summer of 1942, more than 25,000 women or 33% of all the workers were working 18-hour shifts in the oil industries. At refineries and chemical plants, the percentage of women was even higher, estimated at 38%. By 1944, women's participation had grown to 60%. Veterans and retirees also returned to the oil fields to help. It was not uncommon for the workforce of small towns (i.e. Kıncıvo) to completely and rapidly convert toward dependence on the oil industry during this period.

Hitler was determined to capture the oil fields of the Caucasus, in particular Baku, as it would provide much-needed oil supplies for the German military, which was suffering from blockades. The 1942 German offensive codenamed Case Blue saw a determined attempt to seize the oil fields in a large scale advance into the area. On July 23, 1942, Hitler signed Directive No. 45 on conducting a strategic operation in the Caucasus, codenamed "Edelweiss". According to the Edelweiss plan, the main oil regions of the Caucasus (Baku, Maikop, Grozny oil field) were to be occupied, and the Wehrmacht was to be supplied with the fuel it desperately needed from these territories. According to the Edelweiss plan, aimed at the exclusively strategic goals of the Germans, Baku was to be occupied on September 25, 1942. The German military command planned a sudden landing of troops in Baku so that the Soviet authorities could not destroy the oil fields.[16] But the Axis forces were surrounded and eventually defeated at Stalingrad, forcing a retreat from the region. Control of oil supply from Baku and the Middle East played a large role in the events of the war and the ultimate victory of the Allies. Cutting off the oil supply considerably weakened Japan in the latter part of the Pacific war.[17]

Post-war period

Beginning of offshore exploration

Oil production from the existing fields started to decline after World War II, as a result of catastrophic over-production and under-investment. However real potential for new discoveries was felt to be present offshore.

As far back as 1864, a German mineralogist and geologist Otto von Abich surveyed and reported structures present on the seabed of the Caspian.

In the early 1930s, engineers proposed construction of offshore wells from timber piles, connected by a causeway. The first such well was laid in the open sea on the depth of 6 m to the east from filled Bibi-Heybet bay.

In 1945, oil engineers S.A. Orujev and Y. Safarov proposed a method of tubular collapsible constructions for offshore bases. This construction enabled quick installation under oil-rig at any season. In 1947, a group of oilmen developed the trestle method of linking development rigs and processing facilities. Average height of trestle above sea level is 5–7 m, and width of causeway was about 3.5 m. In 1948, construction of trestles and other causeways started on Pirallahi and Oil Rocks.

Wooden trestle employed at Oily Rocks

Oily Rocks Saga

One of the striking examples for offshore oil deposit development is "Oily Rocks" — "Neft Dashlari". It is located to the south-east of Absheron Archipelago. In "Oily Rocks" sea depth ranges from 10 to 25 m, though part of the oil pool reaches 60 metres depth. Oil prospecting with geological survey, structure drilling, seismic prospecting and preliminary drilling started in 1945.

On August 24, 1949, the first offshore exploration well at Neft Dashlari (Oil Rocks) was spudded after the causeway was built. In November, at a depth of 1,000 metres, the well N1 tested oil with a rate of 700 bbl/d (110 m3/d). Neft Dashlari is referred to as "The Island of Seven Ships" because during construction of the bridge-head, disused ships were sunk to provide a solid base for causeways.

Intensive development began in 1950. Development from multiple drilling sites connected by trestle bridges also employed deviated holes. In 1953, to maintain the reservoir pressure, a water flood was applied. The field is still delivering about 15,000 bbl/d (2,400 m3/d) after 50 years of exploitation.

Offshore exploration in the 1960s and 1970s

As a result of intensive geological and geophysical mapping during 1950–1960, Caspian oil-and-gas bearing structures were determined. The discoveries included such fields as Darwin Bank, Gum Deniz "Canub", "Gurgani-esea", "Chilov Island", "Hazi Aslanov", "Sangachalli-sea", "Duvanni-sea", "Bulla Island", and Peschany.

One of the largest offshore fields, "Sangachal-deniz", has been drilled several times since 1959, but success came only in 1965. "Duvanni-deniz field" discovery well was tested in May 1963 with an output of 700 bbl/d (110 m3/d). This field has about 700 million barrels (110,000,000 m3) of oil reserves.

Several large oil and gas fields were discovered and put into production between 1968 and 1975: Bahar (1968), Sangachali-Duvanni (1969), and Bulla Deniz (1975).

Production reached its peak in 1967 with 414,000 bbl/d (65,800 m3/d) being produced and henceforth started to decline as Oily Rocks development was complete. Gas production increased steadily through until the 1990s until the decline of Bahar and Bulla gas fields ensued.

As a result of modern methods of exploration being employed, four new multireservoir fields were opened in the Caspian at a depth of 200 meters: Gunashli (1979), Chirag (1985), Azeri (1988), and Kapaz (1989). The Caspian was covered by extensive 2D seismic grid and 3D seismic was attempted, however unsuccessfully. The discovery of Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli field complex was the last but significant achievement by Azeri Soviet explorationists. The shallow portion of Guneshli, where water depth allowed oil development was put in production by 1989 and now delivers 120,000 bbl/d (19,000 m3/d).

In Chirag, drilling took place via semi-submersible drilling equipment at a depth of 200 meters – an offshore record for USSR. The Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli complex contains more than 16 billion barrels (2.5×109 m3) of oil in place.

"Contract of the Century" and following years
See also: Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli and Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline

After gaining independence Azerbaijan started to attract badly-needed foreign investment into the country.

The implementation of the 20 PSA contracts (requiring $60 billion investment) that have been concluded so far is an integral part of Azerbaijan's oil strategy. Azeri, Chirag and deep-water Gunashli (ACG)-International Contract No. 1 was signed by President Heydar Aliyev and the participating international companies on September 20, 1994, ratified by Parliament on December 2, and went into effect on December 12. Because of its potential reserves estimated at 6 billion barrels (950,000,000 m3) of oil, this project is often referred to as the "Contract of the Century". The projected investment for this project is $13 billion.

Oil as natural wealth of Azerbaijan depicted on an AZM 1000 banknote (2001)

A few months later in 1995, a consortium was organized, known as the Azerbaijan International Operating Company (AIOC). Originally AIOC was composed of eleven major international companies: BP (UK), Amoco (U.S.), Lukoil (Russia), Pennzoil, (now Devon of U.S.), UNOCAL (U.S.), Statoil (now Equinor of Norway), McDermott (U.S.), Ramco (Scotland), TPAO (Turkey), Delta Nimir (now Amerada Hess of U.S.), and SOCAR (Azerbaijan).

Since then Exxon, now ExxonMobil (U.S.); ITOCHU (Japan); and INPEX (Japan) have joined the consortium and McDermott, Ramco and LUKoil have sold their shares. AIOC's first president was Terry Adams (UK) of British Petroleum (BP), the company that operates the offshore oil platforms and the onshore Sangachal Terminal.

However, the problem of how to deliver the oil to European markets existed. This problem was solved by the agreement for the construction of the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline between Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey in 1998.

The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline officially opened on July 13, 2006 and now transports crude oil 1,760 km (1,090 mi) from the Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli oil field on the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean. The oil is pumped from the Sangachal Terminal near Baku, via Tbilisi the capital of Georgia, to Ceyhan, a port on the south-eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. It is the second-longest oil pipeline in the world. (The longest is the Druzhba pipeline from Russia to central Europe).

More than 1.9 million tons of Azerbaijani oil from the port of Ceyhan were exported to world markets in September 2017 (1 million 204 thousand 943 tons of this volume was made by the State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan). The volume of oil exported from the Ceyhan port amounted to 19 million 140 thousand 954 tons during January–September 2016.[18]

2 million 268 thousand 672 tons of Azerbaijani oil were transported through the BTC main export pipeline in October 2017.[19]

Entirely, 344 133 525 tons of Azerbaijani oil were transported via BTC pipeline from June 2006 till November 1, 2017.[19]

The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline (green) is one of several pipelines running from Baku.

The BTC pipeline is expected to make a major contribution to world energy supply with its more than 1 million barrels (160,000 m3) per day capacity. Thanks to this project, Turkey is also expected to earn about $300 million annually. Around 15,000 people were employed during pipeline construction, which cost $3 billion.

Shah Deniz gas field, discovered in 1999, is one of BP's largest gas field finds in recent decades. The Shah Deniz gas plant at Sangachal Terminal started up in 2007 and transformed Azerbaijan into a major gas producer. Stage 1 of Shah Deniz project is now complete and supplies Georgia and Turkey with 8 bcma of natural gas via the South Caucasus Pipeline. In December 2013, Stage 2 of the Shah Deniz Project has been approved and is being designed. The Shah Deniz Stage 2 hydrocarbons are planned to be transferred to Turkey and Europe through the TANAP and TAP export pipelines.

In 2007, SOCAR, Nobel Oil Services and Absheron Drilling Company established SOCAR AQS LLC.[20] SOCAR AQS LL is a subsidiary of the Azeri conglomerate Neqsol Holding.[21]

On September 9, 2011, French energy giant Total S.A. which has been operating in Azerbaijan since 1996, announced a major gas discovery in Absheron gas field offshore 100 km southeast of capital Baku.[22] The field is estimated to have around 300 billion m³ of gas[23] subsequently boosting Azerbaijan's gas reserves from 2.2 to 2.5 trillion m³.[24]

Azerbaijani Government extended “Contract of Century” until 2050 with BP-led consortium (Azerbaijan International Operating Company) based on the amended contract for extension of Production Sharing Agreement (PSA) on development of Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli block of oil and gas fields by 2050. The new contract was signed on 14 September 2017[25][26][27] after a letter of intent for future development of the field was signed on 23 December 2016.[28]

The group chief executive of BP, Bob Dudley stated: “Over the past 23 years the Contract of the Century has truly transformed Azerbaijan, energy supplies to Europe and all of us who have worked so hard to make it a success. Today's contract is perhaps an even more important milestone in the history of Azerbaijan as it ensures that over the next 32 years we will continue to work together to unlock the long-term development potential of ACG through new investments, new technologies and new joint efforts to maximize recovery. In light of that, I think it is fair to call this the Contract of the New Century.”[25]

Presidents of Turkey, Azerbaijan and Ukraine at the opening ceremony of the Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline, 12 June 2018

A memorandum of understanding was signed between SOCAR Absheron Gas Company and Bangladesh Petroleum Exploration and Production Company Limited (BAPEX) on 20 February 2018.[29][30]

On April 19, 2019, SOCAR president Rovnag Abdullayev and BP's regional president for Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey, Gary Jones signed a contract cost $6 billion. The final investment decision on the Azeri Central East (ACE) platform, which is planned to be built on the Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli (ACG) block, has been adopted at the signing ceremony. The construction is scheduled to start in 2019, and the completion is scheduled for mid-2022.[31][32][33][34]

In May 2019, Poland's president Andrzej Duda visited Azerbaijan. He said that "gas and oil alike will flow... from Azerbaijan also to Poland. They will flow via Azerbaijan where the transportation corridors that are currently under construction constitute and will constitute the elements" of China's Belt and Road Initiative.[35]

In April 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, Baku supported a historic agreement between Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and other non-OPEC oil-producing countries to cut production in an effort to stabilize an ailing oil market. A statement released by Azerbaijan's energy ministry revealed that under the new agreement Azerbaijan would be expected to reduce its output by 164,000 barrels per day for the next two months. During this period, Azerbaijan would keep average daily crude oil production at a level not exceeding 554,000 barrels and the country would have to maintain daily oil production at the level of 587,000 barrels during the July–December period and 620,000 barrels between January 2021 and April 2022.[36]

In October 2020, Azerbaijan claimed that the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline was targeted during the Nagorno-Karabakh war between Armenia and Azerbaijan.[37][38] Armenia rejected the accusations.[39]

The State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan

The State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan was founded at the decree of former president Heydar Aliyev on 29 December 1999 and started to operate in 2001.[40] It is a sovereign wealth fund where surplus revenues of oil industry is saved.[41] The main purposes of the Fund are to maintain macroeconomic stability and through decreasing dependence on oil and gas revenues and to foster the development of non-oil sector, to save revenues for future generations and to finance principal projects.[42] Approximate amount of the Fund's financial reserves is 34.7 billion dollars. Fund's assets may be used for strategically important infrastructure projects but not for government borrowing. The strict target asset allocation of the Fund decreases investment risks. Funds flow mainly from the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan (SOCAR).[43] The company has been described to run in an opaque manner, as it has complex webs of contracts and middlemen that non-government watchdog organizations say have led to the enrichment of the country's ruling elites.[2]

SOFAZ lacks transparency in its finances and in its contracting, which has raised questions about corruption.[44][45] Critics have described projects funded by SOFAZ as useless, and noted that contracts have been awarded to companies owned by the ruling Aliyev family in Azerbaijan.[44]

Main projects financed by the Fund

See also

Notes
  1. SOCAR, Azerbaijan's oil and gas production
  2. Altstadt, Audrey L. (2017). Frustrated Democracy in Post-Soviet Azerbaijan. Columbia University Press. pp. 114–120. ISBN 978-0-231-80141-6.
  3. "As far back as 1877 Charles Marvin wrote that there was irrefutable proof that 2500 years ago oil was exported from the Apsheron peninsula, where Baku is located, to Iran, Iraq, India and other countries. This was reported by such well known historians and travelers as Prisk of Pontus (5th century), Abu-Istakhri (8th century), Ahmed Balazuri (9th century), Masudi (10th century), Marco Polo (13th–14th centuries) and O'Learius (17th century)." AZERBAIJANI OIL: GLIMPSES OF A LONG HISTORY, SABIT BAGIROV
  4. The Travels of Marco Polo. ISBN 978-0-14-044057-7
  5. Smil, Vaclav (2017). Energy and Civilization: A History. Cambridge: The MIT Press. p. 246. ISBN 9780262035774.
  6. Ian Cummins, John Beasant. Shell shock: the secrets and spin of an oil giant. Mainstream, 2005. ISBN 184018941X, 9781840189414, p. 50
  7. Д. А. Катренко. Черное золото. Научно-популярная библиотека (Москва, Гос. изд-во технико-теорет. лит-ры) вып. 52, 1953, p.8
  8. Blau, Eve; Rupnik, Ivan (2019). Baku: Oil and Urbanism. Park Books. pp. 34–43. ISBN 9783038600763.
  9. Altstadt, Audrey L. (1992). The Azerbaijani Turks (1. print. ed.). Stanford, Ca: Hoover Inst. Press. p. 21. ISBN 9780817991821. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
  10. Daintith, Terence (2010). Finders keepers?: how the law of capture shaped the world oil industry (1. publ. ed.). Washington, DC: RFF Press. p. 157. ISBN 9781933115849. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
  11. Suny, Ronald Grigor. "Eastern Armenians Under Tsarist Rule" in The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century
  12. Vassiliou, M.S. (2009). Historical dictionary of the petroleum industry. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. pp. 226–7. ISBN 978-0810862883.
  13. Mir-Babayev
  14. Mir-Babayev 16
  15. "Серебровский Александр Павлович".
  16. Balamirza Mammadli. Baku oil in the military-strategic plans of Germany during the Second World War // Proceedings of the I International Conference on the Foundations of the Humanities and Social Sciences (December 24, 2021). Baku, 2021. pp. 87-88.
  17. Baku: City that Oil Built Archived December 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  18. "Xəbərlər arxivi · SOCAR". www.socar.az. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
  19. "22,6 mln tons Azerbaijani oil transported via BTC in 2017". Report News Agency. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
  20. "SOCAR AQS може долучитися до видобутку на морському шельфі України | Українська Енергетика". ua-energy.org (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2022-03-15.
  21. "Halliburton Teams Up With Nobel in Azerbaijan". Energy Intelligence. 2020-02-11. Retrieved 2022-03-15.
  22. Press Release (2011-09-09). "Azerbaijan: Total makes a major gas discovery in the Caspian Sea". Total S.A. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
  23. Zulfugar Agayev (2011-09-09). "Total Makes 'Major' Natural-Gas Discovery in Caspian Sea Off Azerbaijan". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
  24. "Total's discovery boosts Azerbaijan's gas reserves". Reuters. 2011-09-12. Archived from the original on 2012-09-28. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
  25. "The Azerbaijan government and co-venturers sign amended and restated Azeri-Chirag-Deepwater Gunashli PSA | Press releases | Media | BP". bp.com. Retrieved 2017-09-20.
  26. "Resource Global Network | BP and partners sign Azerbaijan oil field extension deal". resourceglobalnetwork.com. Retrieved 2017-09-20.
  27. "BP-led group signs Azerbaijan oilfield extension deal". Reuters. 2017-09-14. Retrieved 2017-09-20.
  28. "SOCAR və ABƏŞ AÇG yatağının 2050-ci ilədək gələcək işlənməsinə dair razılaşmanın prinsiplərini imzaladılar | Press relizlər | Xəbərlər | BP Xəzər". bp.com (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 2017-09-20.
  29. "SOCAR AQŞ, Bangladeshi BAPEX sign Memorandum of Understanding". AzerNews.az. 2018-02-21. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
  30. "SOCAR AQS and Bangladesh Bapex sign MoU". www.pipelineoilandgasnews.com. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
  31. Reuters (2019-04-19). "BP, SOCAR Sign Deal to Build New Azeri Oil Exploration Platform". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-04-24. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  32. "BP, SOCAR sign deal to build new Azeri oil exploration platform". Reuters. 2019-04-19. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
  33. Foy, Henry; Raval, Aniji (2019-04-19). "BP leads $6bn of fresh investment in Azeri oil project". Financial Times. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
  34. "BP and SOCAR sign new Azeri oil deal". Arab News. 2019-04-19. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
  35. "I hope gas and oil will flow from Azerbaijan to Poland: President Duda". Poland In. 1 June 2019.
  36. Azerbaijan Backs OPEC+ Deal To Cut Oil Production, Caspian News, 12 April 2020
  37. "Armenia reportedly attacks Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline". Anadolu Agency. 6 October 2020.
  38. "Azerbaijan warns over pipelines as Nagorno-Karabakh tensions rise". EURACTIV. 15 October 2020.
  39. "Azerbaijan Says Pipeline Targeted In Fighting; Armenia Rejects Accusation". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 7 October 2020.
  40. "ARDNF - Azərbaycan Respublikası Dövlət Neft Fondu - General information". www.oilfund.az. Retrieved 2017-08-15.
  41. Staff, Investopedia (2010-05-30). "State Oil Fund (Azerbaijan)". Investopedia. Retrieved 2017-08-15.
  42. "Resource Governance report" (PDF).
  43. "Resource Governance report" (PDF).
  44. Altstadt, Audrey L. (2017). Frustrated Democracy in Post-Soviet Azerbaijan. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-80141-6.
  45. Aslanli, Kenan (2015). "Fiscal sustainability and the State Oil Fund in Azerbaijan". Journal of Eurasian Studies. 6 (2): 114–121. doi:10.1016/j.euras.2015.03.004. ISSN 1879-3665.

Further reading
  1. Acts collected by the Caucasian Archaeographic Commission; Tiflis, 1884, v.IX, p. 650-651.
  2. Azerbaijan International Sherman Oaks, CA (U.S.), 1993–2003. Search at AZER.com.
  3. Azerbaijan Oil Industry (magazine). Baku, 1995–2002.
  4. Oil Industry (magazine). Moscow, 1995–2002.
  5. Territory of Neftegas (magazine). Moscow, 2001–2002.

Books

  1. Balayev S.G. Oil of the Country of Eternal Fire. Baku: Azernashir Publishing House, 1969, 160 p.
  2. Lisichkin S.M. Outstanding People of Native Oil Science and Technique. Moscow: Nedra Publishing House, 1967.
  3. Mir-Babayev M.F. Concise history of Azerbaijani oil. Baku: Azerneshr, 2007, 288 p.
  4. Vassiliou, Marius. Historical Dictionary of Petroleum Industry; 2nd edition. USA, Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield-Scarecrow Press, 2018, 593 p.
  5. Marius Vassiliou, Miryusif Mirbabayev. US and Azerbaijani oil in the Nineteenth Century: Two Titans. - USA, Lexington Books Publisher, 2022, November. - 182 p.

Articles

  1. Mir-Babayev M.F. Azerbaijan's Oil History: A Chronology Leading Up to the Soviet Era Part 1 - "Azerbaijan International" Magazine, Sherman Oaks, CA (US) AI 10.2 (Summer 2002), p. 34–41. Search at AZER.com
  2. Mir-Babayev M.F. Azerbaijan's Oil History: Brief Oil Chronology since 1920 Part 2 - "Azerbaijan International" Magazine, Sherman Oaks, CA (US) AI 10.2 (Summer 2002), p. 34–41. Search at AZER.com
  3. Bati Alum. The Legal Status of Production Sharing Agreements in Azerbaijan - "Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law", V. 21, No. 2, 2003, p. 153–167
  4. Mir-Babayev M.F. Oil Rocks: the first city on the Caspian Sea – “Reservoir”, Canada, 2012, V. 39, Issue 4, April, p. 33-36.
  5. Mir-Babayev M.F. Establishment of the first oil institute in Transcaucasian - "Reservoir", Canada, 2011, V. 38, Issue 8, September, p. 31–37.
  6. Mir-Babayev M.F. The role of Azerbaijan in the world's oil industry - "Oil-Industry History", USA, 2011, V. 12, No 1, p. 109-123.
  7. Mir-Babayev M.F. A brief history of oil and gas well drilling – “Visions of Azerbaijan”, 2012, January–February, p. 62-65.
  8. Mir-Babayev M.F., Atabeyli B. The Unknown Nobel Prize in Baku - "Oil-Industry History", USA, 2013, V. 14, No 1, p. 117-124.
  9. Mir-Babayev M.F. Brief history of the first drilled oil well; and the people involved - "Oil-Industry History", USA, 2017, V. 18, No 1, p. 25-34.
  10. Wysatta, Mike. History of Azerbaijan oil chronicle further in second book: Reservoir Solutions, (USA-Canada), 2017, April–June, v.20, No. 2, p. 10-12.
  11. Mir-Babayev M.F. The Rothschild pages of Azerbaijan's oil history (Marking the 135th anniversary of the Caspian-Black Sea oil industry and trade company) – “Visions of Azerbaijan”, 2018, Spring, p. 34-38.
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