Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga

Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga (鳥獣人物戯画, literally "Animal-person Caricatures"), commonly shortened to Chōjū-giga (鳥獣戯画, literally "Animal Caricatures"), is a famous set of four picture scrolls, or emakimono, belonging to Kōzan-ji temple in Kyoto, Japan. The Chōjū-giga scrolls are also referred to as Scrolls of Frolicking Animals and Scrolls of Frolicking Animals and Humans in English. Some think that Toba Sōjō created the scrolls; however, it seems clear from the style that more than one artist is involved.[1] The right-to-left reading direction of Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga is traditional in East Asia, and is still common in Japan. Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga is also credited as the oldest work of manga.[2][3] The scrolls are now entrusted to the Kyoto National Museum and Tokyo National Museum.

Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga
A rabbit and some frogs are depicted wrestling.
Animals wrestling on the first scroll of Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga.
MaterialPaper and ink.
Created12th century and 13th century
DiscoveredScrolls were known since created.
Present locationTokyo National Museum
Kyoto National Museum
Panel from the first scroll, a monkey thief runs from animals with long sticks
Panel from the 3rd scroll, picturing two people jokingly playing tug-a-war with their heads
Fragment from the fourth scroll, a man gets defeated in a wrestling match. Separated from the original at some point. Miho Museum
Panel from the fourth scroll, samurai listen to their leader speak carefully

The scrolls are the earliest in a linear monochrome drawing style that was to continue in use in Japanese painting (as they are all done with the usual writing and painting brush, they count as painting).[4]

As opened, the first scroll illustrates anthropomorphic rabbits and monkeys bathing and getting ready for a ceremony, a monkey thief runs from animals with sticks and knocks over a frog from the lively ceremony. Further on, the rabbits and monkeys are playing and wrestling while another group of animals participate in a funeral and frog prays to Buddha as the scroll closes.

The scrolls were also adapted into several novels published by Geijutsuhiroba, the first book simply compiled the scrolls into one publication, now out of print. One of the books participated as part of the company's Fine Arts Log series as well as some were exclusive to certain exhibitions. Other companies like Misuzu Shobo and Shibundō also published books based on the Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga emakimono.

Although Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga is sometimes credited as the first manga,[5] there have been some disputes with the Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper. Seiki Hosokibara pointed to the Shigisan-engi scrolls as the first manga, and Kanta Ishida explained that the scrolls should be treated as masterpieces in their own right.

History

The Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga emakimono, belonging to the Kōzan-ji temple in Kyoto, Japan as an ancient cultural property,[6][7] are usually thought to have been painted in the mid-12th century, whereas the third and fourth scrolls may well date from the 13th century.[8][4]

The work belongs to the decline of the Fujiwara period, but it expresses in one of its best aspects the artistic spirit of their age. The artist is a delightful draughtsman. His pictures of animals disporting [themselves] in the garb of monks are alive with satirical fun. They are a true fruit of the native wit; they owe nothing to China beyond a vague debt to her older artistic tradition; and they bear witness to that reaction against the solemnities of Buddhist art which we have noticed.

— George Bailey Sansom, quoted from Japan, A Short Cultural History.[9]

Most think Toba Sōjō created Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga, who created a painting a lot like Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga;[8] however, it is hard to verify this claim.[10][11][12] The drawings of Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga are making fun of Japanese priests in the creator's time period, characterising them as toads, rabbits and monkeys. Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga is read and rolled out from right to left which can still be seen in manga and Japanese books.[13] Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga is credited as being the oldest work of manga in Japan, and is a national treasure as well as many Japanese animators believe it is also the origin of Japanese animated movies.[8][14] In Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga the animals were drawn with very expressive faces and also sometimes used "speed lines", a technique used in manga til this day.[15] Emakimono like Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga and many others barely were seen in the public until they made their way into popular culture, with many common people imitating the style. Emakimono emerged very popular in the city of Ōtsu, Shiga, and being dubbed Ōtsu-e after its popularity in the city around the 17th century.[16] The first two scrolls are entrusted to the Tokyo National Museum, and the second two are entrusted to the Kyoto National Museum. The scrolls currently on display at Kōzan-ji are reproductions.[6][8][17]

Emakimono

The first scroll, which is considered the most famous, depicts various animals (frogs, rabbits and monkeys) frolicking as if they were human.[6][8][18] There is no writing on any of the scrolls; they consist of pictures only.[19] The first scroll is also the largest, with a length of 11 meters (36 ft) and 30 cm (1 ft) wide.[8] As the first scroll is opened, rabbits and monkeys are bathing and swimming in a lake, moving on past the mountains, cliffs and trees are rabbits and frogs making bow and arrows. Further more, more rabbits and frogs are bringing pots and boxes to a (currently) unknown event. Frogs and rabbits pass by monks with their cattle (wild boar, sika deer)[20] and a monkey runs away, supposedly stealing, and being chased by a rabbit with a long stick, further more a frog is lying on the floor who could have possibly been knocked over by the thief. Nearby, a celebration has started with two frogs dancing, and a group of animals having a conversation. Not too far from the celebration are animals wrestling and fighting and two monkeys holding a box. Far from the celebration are a group of animals at a funeral and a frog praying in front of a frog shaped Budai as the scroll closes.[21]

  • Panel from the first scroll, depicting animals swimming and bathing for the upcoming ceremony.
    Panel from the first scroll, depicting animals swimming and bathing for the upcoming ceremony.
  • Panel from the fourth scroll, depicting monks sitting down and smoking their pipes.
    Panel from the fourth scroll, depicting monks sitting down and smoking their pipes.
  • Fragment from the first scroll Detail, depicting a frog holding a lilypad over a monk's head. Tokyo National Museum
    Fragment from the first scroll Detail, depicting a frog holding a lilypad over a monk's head. Tokyo National Museum
  • Panel from the second scroll, lions roar and scratching their backs.
    Panel from the second scroll, lions roar and scratching their backs.
  • Panel from 3rd scroll with frogs and monkeys harrying an oxcart
    Panel from 3rd scroll with frogs and monkeys harrying an oxcart
  • Stamp for Kōzan-ji (高山寺) placed on the scrolls.
    Stamp for Kōzan-ji (高山寺) placed on the scrolls.
  • A Scene of Sorcery　depicting foxes (kitsune), 19th-century version
    A Scene of Sorcery　depicting foxes (kitsune), 19th-century version

Publications

Four publications based on Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga have been released by the publisher Geijutsuhiroba. The first Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga book published by the company was Kokuhō Emaki Chōjū-giga (国宝絵巻鳥獣戯画) which simply compiled the Chōjū-giga emakimono into one publication, released in February 2003, now out of print.[22] A publication made for the anniversary of Chōjū-giga entitled Bijutsu Techō 2007 Nen 11 Gatsugō (美術手帖2007年11月号) was released on October 11, 2007, as a part of the Fine Arts Log (美術手帖) series.[23] All four scrolls were published in actual size in their boxset publication entitled Chōjū Jinbutsu Giga released June 10, 2008.[24] Exclusive to the Suntory Museum of Art exhibition of Chōjū-giga, the same company released a book entitled Kokuhō "Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga Emaki" no Zenbō-ten (国宝『鳥獣人物戯画絵巻』の全貌展).[25] Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga was also released in a shinsōbon (deluxe edition) by Misuzu Shobo.[26] In 1991 a book by Shibundō entitled Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga to Okoe: Emaki was published and written by Nobuo Tsuji.[27]

Disputes

The Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper with Kanta Ishida discussed different theories of what really is the "first manga". Manga artist, Seiki Hosokibara pointed to Shigisan-engi as the first manga in history. Ishida said that the scrolls be treated as masterpieces in their own right, and not be cubby-holed as just the origin of manga and they have no connection with contemporary manga and the domestic works people are familiar with today.[28]

See also

Notes
  1. Paine and Soper, 139
  2. Kageyama, Y. (24 September 2016). "A Short History of Japanese Manga". Widewalls.ch. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  3. "MedievalManga in Midtown: The Choju-Giga at the Suntory Museum". Dai Nippom Printng Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  4. Paine and Soper, 139-140
  5. Ivanov, Boris (2001). Vvedenie v iaponskuiu animatsiiu (in Russian) (2 ed.). Moscow: Фонд развития кинематографии; РОФ «Эйзенштейновский центр исследований кинокультуры». p. 11. ISBN 5-901631-01-3.
  6. "Emaki Unrolled: Master Works of Illustrated Narrative Handscrolls". Kyoto National Museum. Archived from the original on 2009-05-18. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
  7. "Kozan - ji Temple". Welcome to Kyoto. Archived from the original on 2011-06-10. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
  8. "Choju-Giga". The Physiological Society of Japan. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
  9. Sansom, George Bailey (1931). Japan, A Short Cultural History (1st ed.). Tokyo, Rutland, Vt.: C.E. Tuttle. ISBN 4-8053-0317-4. OCLC 1650492.
  10. Encyclopedia Nipponica. Tokyo-to, Chiyoda-ku: Shogakukan. 1988. ISBN 4-09-526022-X. OCLC 47377011.
  11. Shinmura, Izura (1998). Kōjien. Tokyo-to, Chiyoda-ku: Iwanami Shoten Publishing. ISBN 4-00-080111-2. OCLC 40787153.
  12. Matsumura, Akira (1988). Daijirin. Tokyo: Sanseidō Shoten. ISBN 4-385-14001-4. OCLC 19685451.
  13. Aoki, Deb. "Manga 101: The Pre-History of Japanese Comics". About.com. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
  14. "Discovering the Origins of Animé in Ancient Japanese Art". Web Japan. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
  15. "The Ancient Roots of Manga: The Choju Giga Scrolls". Consulate-General of Japan in New York. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
  16. Brenner, Robin E. (2007). "1". Understanding Manga and Anime (1st ed.). Westport, Connecticut: Libraries Unlimited. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-59158-332-5. OCLC 85898238. uY8700WJy_gC. Retrieved 2009-01-18. [...] were rarely seen by the public but soon made their way into the culture of common people [...] and were dubbed Otsu-e because of their emergence and popularity around the city of Otsu around the seventeenth century [...]
  17. "TOKYO NATIONAL MUSEUM - Collections the TNM Collection Object List Detached segment of caricatures of animals and humans, Scroll A" 鳥獣人物戯画巻断簡（ちょうじゅうじんぶつぎがかんだんかん） [Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga volume two letter] (in Japanese). Tokyo National Museum. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
  18. "The "Frolicking Animals and Figures" Scroll". Miho Museum. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
  19. 成子, 簑下; 豊, 黒須; 宗, 亀井 (11 June 2004). "鳥獣戯画テストの作成: 「楽しむ能力」(The Ability to Enjoy)のリハビリツールとして(福祉とコミュニケーション)" [Test on the creation of Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga: The Ability to Enjoy of welfare and communication.]. 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 = IEICE Technical Report: 信学技報 (in Japanese). NII Scholarly and Academic Information Navigator. 104 (109): 1–4. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
  20. "The Choju Giga by Masakazu Yoshizawa". Kokin Gumi. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
  21. "The Choju Giga by Masakazu Yoshizawa". Kokin Gumi. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
  22. 国宝絵巻鳥獣戯画/鳥獣人物戯画作品・資料集 [Data collection of national treasure picture scrolls Chōjū-giga/Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga] (in Japanese). Geijutsuhiroba. Archived from the original on 2009-02-07. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
  23. 美術手帖2007年11月号/鳥獣人物戯画絵巻特集 [Fine Arts Log Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga November 2007 Special Edition] (in Japanese). Geijutsuhiroba. Archived from the original on 2009-02-07. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
  24. 鳥獣人物戯画（国宝絵巻鳥獣戯画）作品集・資料集 [Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga (Chōjū-giga National Treasure) Data Collection] (in Japanese). Geijutsuhiroba. Archived from the original on 2009-02-07. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
  25. 鳥獣戯画展/鳥獣戯画がやってきた！国宝『鳥獣人物戯画絵巻』の全貌展 [The national treasure scrolls Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga, finally published in its entirety!] (in Japanese). Geijutsuhiroba. Retrieved 2009-01-20.
  26. 鳥獣戯画【新装版】 [Chōjū-giga <New Equipped Edition>] (in Japanese). Misuzu Shobo. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
  27. Tsuji, Nobuo (1991). Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga to Okoe: Emaki. Nihon no Bijutsu. Tokyo: Shibundō. OCLC 24533746.
  28. "Yomiuri Newspaper Discusses History's First Manga". Yomiuri Shimbun. Anime News Network. 2008-01-03. Retrieved 2009-01-20.

References
  • Paine, Robert Treat, in: Paine, R. T. & Soper A, "The Art and Architecture of Japan", Pelican History of Art, 3rd ed 1981, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), ISBN 0140561080
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