Chamber Symphony No. 1 (Schoenberg)

The Chamber Symphony No. 1 in E major, Op. 9 (also known by its title in German Kammersymphonie, für 15 soloinstrumente, or simply as Kammersymphonie) is a composition by Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg.

Portrait of Arnold Schoenberg by Richard Gerstl (ca. June 1905) (Vienna Museum)

Schoenberg's first chamber symphony was finished in 1906 and premiered on 8 February 1907 in Vienna by the Rosé Quartet together with a wind ensemble from the Vienna Philharmonic, under the composer's baton. In 1913, Schoenberg again conducted the piece, as part of the famed Skandalkonzert, in which the heterodox tonalities of Schoenberg's Symphony and, more so, of his student Alban Berg's works incited the attendees to riot in protest and prematurely end the concert.

Leopold Stokowski gave the work its US premiere with the Philadelphia Orchestra on 5 November 1915. The first British performance was on 6 May[1][2] (or possibly on 16 April)[3] 1921, at the Aeolian Hall, London, conducted by Edward Clark, Schoenberg's champion and former student. The players included Charles Woodhouse (violin), John Barbirolli (cello), Léon Goossens (oboe), Aubrey Brain and Alfred Brain (horns).[4]

The piece is a well-known example of the use of quartal harmony.

Structure

The Chamber Symphony is a single-movement work which lasts approximately 20 minutes. Even though it is listed as one movement, the form can be considered as subdivided into as many as five continuous movements. Schoenberg himself outlined the following form using the rehearsal numbers as reference points:

  1. Sonata. Allegro (beginning to no. 38)
  2. Scherzo (nos. 38–60)
  3. Development (nos. 60–77)
  4. Adagio (nos. 77–90)
  5. Recapitulation and finale (nos. 90–100)[5]

Schoenberg claimed in later years that the work "was a first attempt to create a chamber orchestra."[5]

Schoenberg makes use of a "motto" theme constructed of fourths.[6] The "motto" theme helps delineate the structural articulation points in the piece.

\relative c { \clef bass \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 \key e \major \set Staff.instrumentName = #"Hrn" \partial 4*1 d\ff \bar "||" g c \clef treble f bes8. ees16 | ees4 }

The "motto" theme first appears in measure 5 and is framed by two cadences which introduce the two main key areas.

Cadence 1 in F major:

{ \new PianoStaff << \new Staff \relative c'' { \clef treble \key e \major \time 2/2 \tempo "Langsam" << { aes1\fp~ | aes4 aes'2.~ | aes4 aes,2.~ | aes4 <a'! a,!>2\fermata } \\ { r2 bes,,\f | ees1( | e! | f2.) } >> \bar "||" } \new Staff \relative c { \clef bass \key e \major \time 2/2 << { r2 c2\f | s2 bes'~ | bes1~ | bes4 a2 } \\ { s1 | f1 | s1 | s2. } \\ { \stemDown s1 | r2 <c g>_( | <e c ges>1 | <f c f,>2.) } >> \bar "||" } >> }

Cadence 2 in E major:

{ \new PianoStaff << \new Staff \relative c''' { \clef treble \key e \major \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 \tempo "Sehr rasch" \partial 4*1 << { dis!8.( cis!16 | c2~ c8) b( dis!8. cis!16) | c4.( b8 a gis fis dis! | <e b>4) } \\ { <b' g dis!>4\ff | <a fis dis!>2\fp\> <gis! e>4\! <b b,> | <a fis dis!>4\fp\> <gis! e>\! r2 | s4 } >> \bar "" } \new Staff \relative c { \clef bass \key e \major \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 cis!8[ r16 f] | a8 r \times2/3 { a,->\ff d,-> d'-> } gis!2-> | \times 2/3 { a8-> d,-> d'-> } gis2-> \times 2/3 { a,,8-> d,-> d'-> } | gis!4 \bar "" } >> }

Schoenberg's concept of developing variation can be observed in the relationship of the Scherzo theme to the rising chromatic line in the 2nd Violin part in Cadence 1,

\relative c'' { \clef treble \time 3/4 \key ees \major \tempo "sehr rasch" \set Staff.instrumentName = #"Ob" aes2.->\fff | a-> \bar "||" \numericTimeSignature \time 2/2 bes-> aes8 g | bes4 aes8 g bes4 }

as well as in the relationship of the slow movement theme to Cadence 2.[7]

\relative c''' { \clef treble \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 \key g \major \tempo "sehr langsam" \set Staff.instrumentName = #"1Vln" \partial 4*1 g!8.( fis16 | f4 a8. f16 ees4) }

Instrumentation

It is scored for the following instruments:

1 flute (doubling piccolo)
1 oboe
1 English horn
1 E♭ clarinet
1 clarinet
1 bass clarinet
1 bassoon
1 contrabassoon
2 Vienna horns
1 violin I
1 violin II
1 viola
1 cello
1 double bass

Schoenberg respected the classical arrangement of the musicians on stage, instructing that all strings should be seated in the front row, the winds in the second row, and all the bass sounds should be grouped together. Although this composition is commonly called a chamber work, its performance requires a conductor. Some critics and conductors have claimed that an ensemble formed of ten winds and only five strings is inherently unbalanced; however, some of the voices are doubled so that no instrument is playing one-on-one against another.[5][8]

Arrangements
  • The composer himself arranged this piece for piano four hands in 1906.[9] He also revised the composition for large orchestra in 1923 and again in 1935, which was catalogued as Op. 9b.[10] The latter was premiered in Los Angeles by Schoenberg himself.
  • Fellow composer Alban Berg also arranged the composition for two pianos in 1914.[11]
  • Between 1922 and 1923, at Schoenberg's suggestion his disciple Anton Webern made an arrangement for this composition scored for violin, flute (or second violin), clarinet (or viola), cello, and piano;[12] this arrangement was intended to be played alongside Pierrot lunaire, which is similarly scored.

Notable recordings

Chamber Symphony No. 1 is one of the most recorded of Schoenberg's works and has received attention from conductors including Pierre Boulez, Simon Rattle, Riccardo Chailly, Claudio Abbado, Giuseppe Sinopoli, Zubin Mehta, and chamber groups such as the Hyperion Ensemble, Hagen Quartett and Orpheus. A 1998 performance conducted by Robert Craft on the Koch International Classics label and reissued in 2007 on Naxos received a positive critical response.[13][14]

The overall duration of the piece is listed as 22 minutes, though in her survey of 11 recordings spanning 1949–1997, Kathleen McGuire finds a difference in duration of over seven minutes, ranging from Boulez's 19:37 to Jascha Horenstein's 26:51.[15] She notes that even in Boulez's comparatively fast recording Schoenberg's metronome marks are still not always achieved, suggesting that they are perhaps impossible to perform.

References
  1. P. A. S., "Music of the Week: Schönberg and Kreisler", The Observer (8 May 1921), p. 10
  2. Jennifer Ruth Doctor (1999), The BBC and Ultra-Modern Music, 1922–1936: Shaping a Nation's Tastes, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521661171, p. 425, note 44.
  3. British Library, Notable Acquisitions 1985–1994
  4. Jennifer Ruth Doctor (1999) The BBC and Ultra-Modern Music, 1922–1936: Shaping a Nation's Tastes, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521661171, p. 339
  5. Robert Craft (2007). "Schoenberg: Pierrot Lunaire / Chamber Symphony No. 1 / 4 Orchestral Songs (Schoenberg, Vol. 6)" (Liner notes). Naxos Records. CD 8.557523. Retrieved 30 September 2021. ... a first attempt to create a chamber orchestra.
  6. Walter Frisch, The Early Works of Arnold Schoenberg, 1893–1908 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993): p. 223.
  7. Walter Frisch, The Early Works of Arnold Schoenberg, 1893–1908 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993): pp. 225–226.
  8. "Meet the Composer: Splitting Adams: John Adams' Chamber Symphonies on Apple Podcasts". Apple Podcasts. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
  9. "Kammersymphonie [Chamber symphony] no. 1, op. 9 (1906) (arr. Arnold Schoenberg (piano 4 hands))". schoenberg.at. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  10. "Kammersymphonie [Chamber symphony] no. 1, op. 9b (1906) (arr. Arnold Schoenberg (1922) (orchestra); rev. Arnold Schoenberg (1935))". www.schoenberg.at. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
  11. "Kammersymphonie [Chamber symphony] no. 1, op. 9 (1906) (arr. Alban Berg (1914) (2 pianos))". www.schoenberg.at. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
  12. Jarman, Douglas. "Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) arr. Anton Webern - Chamber Symphony No.1 in E, Op.9". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  13. "Album Reviews: Schoenberg: Pierrot Lunaire / Chamber Symphony No. 1 / 4 Orchestral Songs (Schoenberg, Vol. 6)". Naxos Records. March–August 2007. CD 8.557523. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  14. Blair Sanderson. Review for the Naxos CD 8.557523 at AllMusic "4 stars out of 5"
  15. McGuire, Kathleen (November 2003). "Kammersymphonie No. 1, Op. 9, by Arnold Schoenberg (1906): Considerations for the Conductor" (PDF). Journal of the Conductors Guild. 24 (1): 2–32.
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