Madison Group

The Madison Limestone is a thick sequence of mostly carbonate rocks of Mississippian age in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains areas of the western United States. The rocks serve as an important aquifer as well as an oil reservoir in places. The Madison and its equivalent strata extend from the Black Hills of western South Dakota to western Montana and eastern Idaho, and from the Canada–United States border to western Colorado and the Grand Canyon of Arizona.

Madison Limestone
Stratigraphic range:
Thrust segment of the Madison Limestone, Sun River canyon, Montana
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesBig Snowy Group
OverliesBakken Formation (Three Forks Group)
Thicknessup to 2,100 feet (640 m)[1]
Lithology
PrimaryLimestone
OtherShale
Location
RegionSouth Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Colorado, Arizona, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Utah
Country United States
 Canada
Type section
Named forMadison Range
Named byA.C. Peale, 1893[2]

Age and nomenclature

The Madison is formally known as the Madison Group. In Montana, where its thickness reaches 1,700 feet (520 m), the group is subdivided into the Mission Canyon Formation and Lodgepole Formation. Equivalents of the Madison are named the Pahasapa Limestone in the Black Hills, Leadville Limestone (Colorado), Guernsey Limestone (Wyoming), and Redwall Limestone in the Grand Canyon. The upper part of the Madison Group, the Charles Formation in the subsurface of North Dakota and northern Montana, is not strictly an equivalent of the Madison Limestone as usually defined.[3]

Most of the Madison Limestones were deposited during Early to Middle Mississippian time (Tournaisian to Visean stages), about 359 to 326 million years ago. Older North American usage lists the Madison as being laid down during the Kinderhookian, Osagian, and Meramecian stages.

Neither a type locality nor derivation of the name was designated when the term Madison Limestone was first used by Peale (1893),[4] but since the original work focused on the area of Three Forks, Montana, it is likely that the name relates to outcrops along the Madison River, Montana. A reference section has been designated on the north side of Gibson Reservoir in SE/4 sec. 36, T. 22 N., R. 10 W., Patricks Basin quad, Teton Co., Montana.[5]

Lithology

Limestones and dolomites dominate the Madison. Because the rock is highly soluble, it often develops caves and karst topography. Lewis and Clark Caverns, Montana, is an example of a cave developed in the Madison. The rocks were deposited in a generally shallow marine setting, indicated by the richly fossiliferous rocks of the Madison. In the Williston Basin, water was shallow enough for oolite shoals to develop; they later became reservoirs for oil.[6] The gray cliffs along the Missouri River in the Gates of the Mountains, Montana are formed by Madison Limestone.[7]

Subdivisions
Montana-Wyoming-Manitoba

The following formations are recognized in Montana, Wyoming and Manitoba, from top to base:

Sub-unitAgeLithologyMax.
Thickness		Reference
Charles FormationMississippiandolomitic limestone244 m (800 ft) [8]
Mission Canyon FormationOsagianwhite bioclastic limestone, oolitic calcarenite, occasionally dolomitized; anhydrite in the Williston Basin183 m (600 ft) [9]
Lodgepole FormationKinderhookianlime mudstones, shale, chert, contains bitumen245 m (800 ft) [10]
Saskatchewan

The following subdivisions (of formation rank) are recognized in Saskatchewan, from top to base:

Sub-unitAgeLithologyMax.
Thickness		Reference
Poplar BedsMeramecianlimestone, argillaceous dolomite, evaporite152 m (500 ft) [11]
Ratcliffe BedsOsagiandense dolomite, mudstone with three anhydrite beds80 m (260 ft) [12]
Midale BedsOsagianoolitic to pisolitic and skeletal grainstone to packstone with vuggy porosity, dolomite, porous wackestone45 m (150 ft) [13]
Frobisher EvaporiteOsagiansupratidal anhydrite9 m (30 ft) [13]
Kisbey SandstoneOsagianporous silty dolomite and calcareous sandstone10 m (30 ft) [14]
Alida BedsOsagianoolitic to pisolitic grainstone and packstone, silty and dolomitic limestone, crinoidal limestones63 m (210 ft) [15]
Tilston BedsKinderhookianoolitic, pisolitic and crinoidal grainstone and packstone; cherty or dolomitic limestone, silty limestone, anhydrite80 m (260 ft) [16]
Souris Valley BedsKinderhookianargillaceous limestone, calcareous shale, chert176 m (580 ft) [17]

See also

References
  1. Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. "Madison Group". Retrieved 2009-03-26.
  2. Peale, A.C., 1893. The Paleozoic section in the vicinity of Three Forks, Montana. United States Geological Survey, Bull. 110, p.9-56.
  3. Mississippian System, by Lawrence C. Craig, in Geologic Atlas of the Rocky Mountain Region, Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, Denver, CO, 1972: p. 100-110
  4. Peale, A.C., 1893, The Paleozoic section in the vicinity of Three Forks, Montana, with petrographic notes by G.P. Merrill: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 110, 56 p.
  5. Mudge, M.R., Sando, W.J. and Dutro, J.T., Jr., 1962, Mississippian rocks of the Sun River Canyon area, Sawtooth Range, Montana: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 46, no. 11, p. 2003-2018
  6. Mississippian Madison group stratigraphy and sedimentation in Wyoming and southern Montana, by John Michael Andrichuk, AAPG Bulletin; November 1955; v. 39; no. 11; p. 2170-2210
  7. River Log and Road Log: Thrust Faulting near Gates of the Mountains, Lombard, Lewis & Clark Canyon, Montana Geological Society 1994 Guidebook, James L. Cannon, Gary G. Thompson, and John R. Warne, editors
  8. Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. "Charles Formation". Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  9. Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. "Mission Canyon Formation". Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  10. Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. "Lodgepole Formation". Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  11. Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. "Poplar Beds". Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  12. Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. "Ratcliffe Beds". Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  13. Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. "Midale Beds". Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  14. Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. "Kisbey Sandstone". Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  15. Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. "Alida Beds". Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  16. Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. "Tilston Beds". Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  17. Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. "Souris Valley Beds". Retrieved 2010-01-07.
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