1860 Democratic National Conventions

Wood engraving illustrating the Charleston convention

The front-runner for the nomination was Douglas, who was considered a moderate on the slavery issue. With the 1854 Kansas–Nebraska Act, he advanced the doctrine of popular sovereignty: allowing settlers in each Territory to decide for themselves whether slavery would be allowed—a change from the flat prohibition of slavery in most Territories under the Missouri Compromise, which the South had welcomed. However, the Supreme Court’s ensuing 1857 'Dred Scott' decision declared that the Constitution protected slavery in all Territories.

Douglas was challenged for his Senate seat by Abraham Lincoln in 1858, and narrowly won re-election, after the Lincoln-Douglas debates, by professing the Freeport Doctrine, a de facto rejection of Dred Scott, with militant Southern "Fire-Eaters", such as William Yancey of Alabama, opposing him as a traitor. Many of them openly predicted a split in the party and the election of Republican front-runner William H. Seward.[2]

The 1860 Democratic National Convention convened at South Carolina Institute Hall (destroyed in the Great Fire of 1861) in Charleston, South Carolina, on April 23, 1860. Since Charleston was the most pro-slavery city in the U.S. at the time, the galleries at the convention were packed with pro-slavery spectators.[2]

Urged by Yancey, the delegations from seven Deep South states (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas) met in a separate caucus before the convention. They reached a tentative consensus to "stop Douglas" by imposing a pro-slavery party platform which he could not run on if nominated.[3]

The "Fire-eater" majority on the convention's platform committee, chaired by William Waightstill Avery of North Carolina, produced an explicitly pro-slavery document,[4] endorsing Dred Scott and Congressional legislation protecting slavery in the territories. Northern Democrats refused to acquiesce, as Dred Scott was extremely unpopular in the North, and the Northerners said they could not carry a single state with that platform. That would end Democratic hopes of retaining the White House, as no previous candidate had won the presidency without winning either New York or Pennsylvania, and only four (John Adams in 1796, James Madison in 1812, John Quincy Adams in 1824, and James Buchanan in 1856) had been elected without winning both. Douglas and supporters thus preferred the 1856 Cincinnati platform, pure and simple, without explanation or addition.

On April 30, the minority (Northern) report was substituted for that of the majority (Southern) report by a vote of 165 to 138. The question next in order before the Convention was upon the adoption of the second resolution of the minority of the committee. On this question Alabama, Arkansas, one of Delaware's delegates, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas refused to vote. The Douglas party abandoned the vague second resolution and it was defeated by an overwhelming vote of 238 to 21 (with 44 abstentions).

• 
  Minority Report Substitution Vote
• 
  Minority Report
  2nd Resolution Vote

Between April 30th and May 1st, 51 Southern delegates walked out of the convention in protest:[2] the entire Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas delegations, three of the four delegates from Arkansas and one of the three delegates from Delaware. These delegates gathered at St. Andrews Hall on Broad Street and declared themselves the real convention as the Institute Hall convention proceeded to nominations.

Since both the majority and the minority resolutions on the Territorial question were rejected, nothing remained except the Cincinnati platform as the Douglas faction had desired. The dominant Douglas forces believed their path was now clear.[2]

Before the balloting for president commenced, Mr. Howard of Tennessee succeeded in obtaining a vote of the convention in affirmance of the two-thirds rule. On his motion they resolved, by 141 to 112 votes, "that the President of the Convention be and he is hereby directed not to declare any person nominated for the office of President or Vice President unless he shall have received a number of votes equal to two-thirds of the votes of all the Electoral Colleges." It was well known at the time that this resolution rendered the regular nomination of Douglas impossible.

• 
  Two-Thirds Rule Vote

Six major candidates were nominated at the convention: Douglas, former Treasury Secretary James Guthrie of Kentucky, Senator Robert M. T. Hunter of Virginia, Senator Joseph Lane of Oregon, former Senator Daniel S. Dickinson of New York, and Senator Andrew Johnson of Tennessee.

• 
  Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois
• 
  Former Secretary of the Treasury James Guthrie of Kentucky
• 
  Senator Robert M. T. Hunter of Virginia
• 
  Senator Joseph Lane of Oregon
• 
  Former Senator Daniel S. Dickinson of New York
• 
  Senator Andrew Johnson of Tennessee

While Douglas led on the first ballot, receiving 145+1⁄2 of 253 votes cast, convention rules at the time required a two-thirds vote to win the nomination. Further to this, convention chairman Caleb Cushing further ruled that this was two-thirds of the whole membership, not just two-thirds of those present and voting.

This ruling meant Douglas needed 202 votes (or 56+1⁄2 more votes), or 80% of the remaining 253 delegates, and also would have required several of the remaining Southern delegates to vote for Douglas, who they vehemently opposed.

Consequently, the convention held 57 ballots, and though Douglas led on all of them, he never received more than 152+1⁄2 votes. On the 57th ballot, Douglas received 151+1⁄2 votes, still 50+1⁄2 votes short of the nomination, though far ahead of Guthrie, who was second with 65+1⁄2. On 3 May, the delegates voted to adjourn the convention, and reconvene in Baltimore six weeks later.

A few votes went to former Senator Isaac Toucey of Connecticut and Senator James Pearce of Maryland, while Senator Jefferson Davis of Mississippi (the future Confederate President) received one vote on over fifty ballots from Benjamin Butler of Massachusetts. Ironically, during the Civil War, Butler became a Union general, and Davis ordered him hanged as a criminal if ever captured.

1st Day of Presidential Balloting / 8th Day of Convention (May 1, 1860)

• 
  1st Ballot
• 
  2nd Ballot
• 
  3rd Ballot
• 
  4th Ballot
• 
  5th Ballot
• 
  6th Ballot
• 
  7th Ballot
• 
  8th Ballot
• 
  9th Ballot
• 
  10th Ballot
• 
  11th Ballot
• 
  12th Ballot

2nd Day of Presidential Balloting / 9th Day of Convention (May 2, 1860)

• 
  13th Ballot
• 
  14th Ballot
• 
  15th Ballot
• 
  16th Ballot
• 
  17th Ballot
• 
  18th Ballot
• 
  19th Ballot
• 
  20th Ballot
• 
  21st Ballot
• 
  22nd Ballot
• 
  23rd Ballot
• 
  24th Ballot
• 
  25th Ballot
• 
  26th Ballot
• 
  27th Ballot
• 
  28th Ballot
• 
  29th Ballot
• 
  30th Ballot
• 
  31st Ballot
• 
  32nd Ballot
• 
  33rd Ballot
• 
  34th Ballot
• 
  35th Ballot
• 
  36th Ballot
• 
  37th Ballot
• 
  38th Ballot
• 
  39th Ballot
• 
  40th Ballot
• 
  41st Ballot
• 
  42nd Ballot
• 
  43rd Ballot
• 
  44th Ballot
• 
  45th Ballot
• 
  46th Ballot
• 
  47th Ballot
• 
  48th Ballot
• 
  49th Ballot
• 
  50th Ballot
• 
  51st Ballot
• 
  52nd Ballot
• 
  53rd Ballot
• 
  54th Ballot
• 
  55th Ballot
• 
  56th Ballot
• 
  57th Ballot

The resumed convention's first business was to decide whether to re-admit the delegates who had walked out of the Charleston session, or to seat replacement delegates who had been named by pro-Douglas Democrats in some states: other delegates had boycotted the Baltimore convention.

The credentials committee's majority report recommended re-admitting all delegates except those from Louisiana and Alabama, while the minority report recommended re-admitting some of the Louisiana and Alabama delegates as well. On June 22, the minority (Southern) report failed to be substituted for that of the majority (Northern) report by a vote of 100+1⁄2-150.

• 
  Minority Report Substitution Vote

After the rejection of the minority report, two votes were taken on the reconsideration of the substitution vote. At first, New York revived hopes of adopting the minority report by voting for its reconsideration. But during the second vote on reconsideration, New York switched back to its original vote.

• 
  1st Reconsideration Vote
• 
  2nd Reconsideration Vote

With the admission of the new Louisiana and Alabama delegates, 56 delegates - most of those remaining from the South, and a scattering of delegates from northern and far western states - all walked out of the convention in protest.[5]

After the convention resumed voting on a nominee, Douglas received 173+1⁄2 of 190+1⁄2 votes cast on the first ballot (the 58th overall), and 181+1⁄2 votes of 194+1⁄2 votes cast on the second ballot (the 59th overall).

After a rollcall following the second ballot, it was realized that there were only 194+1⁄2 delegates present, meaning there were insufficient delegates for Douglas to receive 202 votes as per Cushing's earlier ruling.

After the delegates unanimously voted to rescind this, it was declared by acclamation that Douglas had received the required two-thirds of the votes cast, and was therefore nominated.

• 
  Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois
• 
  Former Secretary of the Treasury James Guthrie of Kentucky

• 
  Vice President
  John C. Breckinridge
  of Kentucky
• 
  Former Governor Horatio Seymour of New York

• 
  1st Ballot
• 
  2nd Ballot

Senator Benjamin Fitzpatrick of Alabama was the only candidate for the vice presidential nomination.

During the call of the states, every vote recorded was in favor of Fitzpatrick with no exception until Pennsylvania was reached. One of Pennsylvania's votes was announced for former state senator William C. Alexander of New Jersey. Upon this announcement, a New Jersey delegate informed the delegates that he had been authorized before the convention, by Alexander himself, not to allow his name to be presented as a candidate. The Pennsylvanian who desired Alexander cast one blank vote thereafter.

• 
  Senator Benjamin Fitzpatrick of Alabama

• 
  1st Ballot
  (Before Shift)
• 
  1st Ballot
  (After Shift)

After the unanimous nomination of Fitzpatrick as the candidate for Vice President, the convention adjourned on June 23, the sixth and last day of its session. On the same day, but after the adjournment, Fitzpatrick declined the nomination. Fitzpatrick's refusal of the vice presidential nomination occurred sixteen years after Silas Wright was the first to turndown the honor. In 1924, Frank Lowden would be the third and last person to date who refused their party's vice presidential nomination.

• 
  Former Governor Herschel V. Johnson of Georgia

Since the convention had already adjourned, the Executive Committee would have to name a replacement. On motion of Mr. Dick, the lone delegate from North Carolina, the vice presidential nomination was immediately conferred on former Senator and Governor Herschel V. Johnson of Georgia[5] by unanimous acclamation.

After the adoption of the majority resolutions, the convention proceeded to select their candidates. Four names were placed in nomination: Breckinridge, Dickinson, Hunter, and Lane.

• 
  Vice President
  John C. Breckinridge
  of Kentucky
• 
  Former Senator
  Daniel S. Dickinson
  of New York
• 
  Senator
  Robert M. T. Hunter
  of Virginia
  (Withdrawn)
• 
  Senator
  Joseph Lane
  of Oregon
  (Withdrawn)
• 
  Senator
  Jefferson Davis
  of Mississippi
  (Declined Consideration)

Despite instructions from their state convention, the Mississippi delegation, with Jefferson Davis' concurrence, desired that his name be removed from possible consideration for the sake of harmony. The names of Hunter and Lane were subsequently withdrawn in the spirit of harmony and unanimity. After New York had cast an obligatory vote for Dickinson, Breckinridge was declared the unanimous choice of the convention for President.

• 
  1st Ballot

After the applause for Breckinridge's nomination had subsided, the whole hall resounded with cries for Yancey for Vice President. After Yancey got on his feet, but before he could speak, Lane's name was presented and seconded. No other name being presented for the office, the states were called and voted unanimously for Lane.

• 
  Senator
  Joseph Lane
  of Oregon
• 
  Former Representative
  William L. Yancey
  of Alabama
  (Not Nominated)

• 
  1st Ballot