Chemistry and Camera complex

Chemistry and Camera complex (ChemCam) is a suite of remote sensing instruments on Mars for the Curiosity rover. As the name implies, ChemCam is actually two different instruments combined as one: a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and a Remote Micro Imager (RMI) telescope. The purpose of the LIBS instrument is to provide elemental compositions of rock and soil, while the RMI will give ChemCam scientists high-resolution images of the sampling areas of the rocks and soil that LIBS targets.[1] The LIBS instrument can target a rock or soil sample from up to 7 m (23 ft) away, vaporizing a small amount of it with about 30 5-nanosecond pulses from a 1067 nm infrared laser and then observing the spectrum of the light emitted by the vaporized rock.[2]

The internal spectrometer (left) and the laser telescope (right) for the mast

Overview

ChemCam has the ability to record up to 6,144 different wavelengths of ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light.[3] Detection of the ball of luminous plasma is done in the visible, near-UV and near-infrared ranges, between 240 nm and 800 nm.[1] The first initial laser testing of the ChemCam by Curiosity on Mars was performed on a rock, N165 ("Coronation" rock), near Bradbury Landing on August 19, 2012.[4][5][6]

Using the same collection optics, the RMI provides context images of the LIBS analysis spots. The RMI resolves 1 mm (0.039 in) objects at 10 m (33 ft) distance, and has a field of view covering 20 cm (7.9 in) at that distance.[1] The RMI has also been used to take images of distant geologic features and landscapes.[7]

The ChemCam instrument suite was developed by the Los Alamos National Laboratory and the French CESR laboratory.[1][8][9] The flight model of the mast unit was delivered from the French CNES to Los Alamos National Laboratory.[10]

Instrumentation

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
Five frame ChemCam RMI mosaic (right) of the rock "Chantrey," colorized using the right MastCam (M-100) image (left). Image Credit: NASA / JPL / LANL / MSSS / Justin Cowart

ChemCam marks the first use of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) as part of a planetary science mission.[11][12] The laser is positioned on the mast of the Curiosity rover and focused by the telescope that also resides on the mast, while the spectrometer is housed in the rover's body. Typically, the laser fires 30 shots at a single point, gathering spectroscopic readings from the vaporized rock for each laser shot, and samples multiple points on a chosen target. For bedrock observations, the first 5 shots of a point are discarded as they are considered to be contaminated by Martian dust.[13] The remaining shots of one point are averaged together for chemical composition calculations.[11][12][14] It is common for there to be 9 or 10 points of analysis on any given target, but this is not always the case. Some targets have as few as 4 points while some targets have 20 points. 

Remote Micro-Imager

The Remote Micro-Imager is primarily used to capture high-resolution, black and white images of ChemCam targets for context and documentation.[14] Usually, an image of the target of interest is captured before and after the laser is fired. Often, the laser makes "LIBS pits" that can be visible in the RMI to show where the laser sampled specifically on a particular target. The resolution of the RMI is higher than the black and white navigational camera (navcam) and the color mast cameras (mastcam).

Long Distance Imaging

The RMI is primarily used to obtain close-up images of targets sampled by ChemCam, but it can also be used to gather high-resolution images of distant outcrops and landscapes.[7] The RMI has a higher spatial resolution than the mastcam M100 camera, which is a color camera also capable of imaging nearby objects or distant geologic features.[7] The RMI has been used by the mission for reconnaissance of up-coming terrain as well as imaging distant features such as the rim of Gale Crater.

Scientific contributions

ChemCam has been used, in conjunction with other instruments of the Curiosity rover, to make advancements in understanding the chemical composition of rocks and soils on Mars. LIBS makes it possible to detect and quantify the major oxides: SiO2, Al2O3, FeOT, MgO, TiO2, CaO, Na2O, and K2O of bedrock targets.[11][12][14] There are distinguishable geologic units determined from orbital analyses that have been confirmed by averaged bedrock compositions determined from ChemCam and other instruments aboard Curiosity.[15] The identification is based on multivariate PLS and PCA models classified using SIMCA with calibration models made using "The Unscrambler" software.[16] ChemCam has also quantified soil chemistry. ChemCam has seen two distinct soil types at Gale crater: a fine-grained mafic material that is more representative of global Martian soils or dust and a coarse-grained felsic material that originates from local Gale crater bedrock.[13] ChemCam has the capability to measure minor or trace elements such as lithium, manganese, strontium, and rubidium.[17][18] ChemCam has measured MnO up to 25 wt% in fracture fills that suggests Mars was once a more oxygenating environment.[17]   

Images

See also

References
  1. "MSL Science Corner: Chemistry & Camera (ChemCam)". NASA/JPL. Archived from the original on March 20, 2009. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
  2. Wiens, Roger C.; Maurice, Sylvestre; Barraclough, Bruce; Saccoccio, Muriel; Barkley, Walter C.; Bell, James F.; Bender, Steve; Bernardin, John; Blaney, Diana; Blank, Jennifer; Bouyé, Marc (2012-09-01). "The ChemCam Instrument Suite on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Rover: Body Unit and Combined System Tests". Space Science Reviews. 170 (1): 167–227. Bibcode:2012SSRv..170..167W. doi:10.1007/s11214-012-9902-4. ISSN 1572-9672.
  3. "Rover's Laser Instrument Zaps First Martian Rock". 2012. Retrieved 2021-03-17.
  4. Webster, Guy; Agle, D.C. (August 19, 2012). "Mars Science Laboratory/Curiosity Mission Status Report". NASA. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
  5. Staff. "'Coronation' Rock on Mars". NASA. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
  6. Amos, Jonathan (August 17, 2012). "Nasa's Curiosity rover prepares to zap Martian rocks". BBC News. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
  7. Le Mouélic, S.; Gasnault, O.; Herkenhoff, K. E.; Bridges, N. T.; Langevin, Y.; Mangold, N.; Maurice, S.; Wiens, R. C.; Pinet, P.; Newsom, H. E.; Deen, R. G. (2015-03-15). "The ChemCam Remote Micro-Imager at Gale crater: Review of the first year of operations on Mars". Icarus. Special Issue: First Year of MSL. 249: 93–107. Bibcode:2015Icar..249...93L. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.05.030. ISSN 0019-1035.
  8. Salle B.; Lacour J. L.; Mauchien P.; Fichet P.; Maurice S.; Manhes G. (2006). "Comparative study of different methodologies for quantitative rock analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy in a simulated Martian atmosphere" (PDF). Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy. 61 (3): 301–313. Bibcode:2006AcSpe..61..301S. doi:10.1016/j.sab.2006.02.003.
  9. Wiens R.C.; Maurice S. (2008). "Corrections and Clarifications, News of the Week". Science. 322 (5907): 1466. doi:10.1126/science.322.5907.1466a. PMC 1240923.
  10. ChemCam Status April, 2008 Archived 2013-11-09 at the Wayback Machine. Los Alamos National Laboratory.
  11. Wiens, R.C.; Maurice, S.; Lasue, J.; Forni, O.; Anderson, R.B.; Clegg, S.; Bender, S.; Blaney, D.; Barraclough, B.L.; Cousin, A.; Deflores, L.; Delapp, D.; Dyar, M.D.; Fabre, C.; Gasnault, O.; Lanza, N.; Mazoyer, J.; Melikechi, N.; Meslin, P.-Y.; Newsom, H.; Ollila, A.; Perez, R.; Tokar, R.L.; Vaniman, D. (2013-04-01). "Pre-flight calibration and initial data processing for the ChemCam laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy instrument on the Mars Science Laboratory rover". Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy. 82: 1–27. Bibcode:2013AcSpe..82....1W. doi:10.1016/j.sab.2013.02.003. ISSN 0584-8547.
  12. Maurice, S.; Clegg, S. M.; Wiens, R. C.; Gasnault, O.; Rapin, W.; Forni, O.; Cousin, A.; Sautter, V.; Mangold, N.; Deit, L. Le; Nachon, M. (2016-03-30). "ChemCam activities and discoveries during the nominal mission of the Mars Science Laboratory in Gale crater, Mars". Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry. 31 (4): 863–889. doi:10.1039/C5JA00417A. ISSN 1364-5544. S2CID 102209936.
  13. Meslin, P.- Y.; Gasnault, O.; Forni, O.; Schroder, S.; Cousin, A.; Berger, G.; Clegg, S. M.; Lasue, J.; Maurice, S.; Sautter, V.; Le Mouelic, S. (2013-09-27). "Soil Diversity and Hydration as Observed by ChemCam at Gale Crater, Mars". Science. 341 (6153): 1238670. Bibcode:2013Sci...341E...1M. doi:10.1126/science.1238670. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 24072924. S2CID 7418294.
  14. Maurice, S.; Wiens, R. C.; Saccoccio, M.; Barraclough, B.; Gasnault, O.; Forni, O.; Mangold, N.; Baratoux, D.; Bender, S.; Berger, G.; Bernardin, J. (2012). "The ChemCam Instrument Suite on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Rover: Science Objectives and Mast Unit Description". Space Science Reviews. 170 (1–4): 95–166. Bibcode:2012SSRv..170...95M. doi:10.1007/s11214-012-9912-2. ISSN 0038-6308. S2CID 255064964.
  15. Frydenvang, J.; Mangold, N.; Wiens, R. C.; Fraeman, A. A.; Edgar, L. A.; Fedo, C. M.; L'Haridon, J.; Bedford, C. C.; Gupta, S.; Grotzinger, J. P.; Bridges, J. C. (2020). "The Chemostratigraphy of the Murray Formation and Role of Diagenesis at Vera Rubin Ridge in Gale Crater, Mars, as Observed by the ChemCam Instrument". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 125 (9): e2019JE006320. Bibcode:2020JGRE..12506320F. doi:10.1029/2019JE006320. ISSN 2169-9100. S2CID 225649505.
  16. Lanza, Nina L.; Wiens, Roger C.; Clegg, Samuel M.; Ollila, Ann M.; Humphries, Seth D.; Newsom, Horton E.; Barefield, James E. (2010-05-01). "Calibrating the ChemCam laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy instrument for carbonate minerals on Mars". Applied Optics. 49 (13): C211. Bibcode:2010ApOpt..49C.211L. doi:10.1364/AO.49.00C211. ISSN 0003-6935.
  17. Lanza, Nina L.; Wiens, Roger C.; Arvidson, Raymond E.; Clark, Benton C.; Fischer, Woodward W.; Gellert, Ralf; Grotzinger, John P.; Hurowitz, Joel A.; McLennan, Scott M.; Morris, Richard V.; Rice, Melissa S. (2016). "Oxidation of manganese in an ancient aquifer, Kimberley formation, Gale crater, Mars". Geophysical Research Letters. 43 (14): 7398–7407. Bibcode:2016GeoRL..43.7398L. doi:10.1002/2016GL069109. ISSN 1944-8007. S2CID 6768479.
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