Teeth-cleaning twig

Chew sticks are twigs or roots of certain plants that are chewed until one end is frayed. This end can be used to brush against the teeth,[2] while the other end can be used as a toothpick.[3] The earliest chew sticks have been dated to Babylonia in 3500 BCE[3] and an Egyptian tomb from 3000 BCE;[2] they are mentioned in Chinese records dating from 1600 BCE[3] In the Ayurvedas around 4th century BCE and in Tipitaka, in the Buddhist Canon around the 5th century BCE in India.[4][5]

The Indian way of using tooth wood for brushing is presented by the Chinese Monk Yijing (635–713 CE) when he describes the rules for Monks in his book:[6]

Every day in the morning, a monk must chew a piece of tooth wood to brush his teeth and scrape his tongue, and this must be done in the proper way. Only after one has washed one’s hands and mouth may one make salutations. Otherwise both the saluter and the saluted are at fault. In Sanskrit, the tooth wood is known as the dantakastha—danta meaning tooth, and kastha, a piece of wood. It is twelve finger-widths in length. The shortest is not less than eight finger-widths long, resembling the little finger in size. Chew one end of the wood well for a long while and then brush the teeth with it.

A wide variety of plants can be used as dantakastha.[7]

In Africa, chew sticks are made from the tree Salvadora persica, also known as the "toothbrush tree". In Islam, this tree is traditionally used to create a chew stick called miswak, as frequently advocated for in the hadith (written traditions relating to the life of Muhammad).[8]

In South India, neem is used as a teeth cleaning twig. Neem, in full bloom, can aid in healing by keeping the area clean and disinfected.

Traditional Sikhs still use datun today as it is written in their scriptures:

ਦਾਤਨ ਕਰੇ ਨਿਤ ਨੀਤ ਨਾ ਦੁਖ ਪਾਵੈ ਲਾਲ ਜੀ ॥ (੨੩)

("Dear/beloved, natural twig, brush everyday, and pains you shall never get." (23))

— Guru Gobind Singh, Tankhah Naama,[9] as written down by Bhai Nand Lal

Spring blossoms of kikar (babool) at Hodal in Faridabad, Haryana, India

Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad, India

Teeth-cleaning twigs can be obtained from a variety of tree species. Although many trees are used in the production of teeth-cleaning twigs, some trees are better suited to clean and protect the teeth, due to the chemical composition of the plant parts. The tree species are:[10][11][12][13][14][15]

Europe and North America

Australia

• Mango
• Mangosteen

India

Many companies produce special cases for carrying, storing and protecting chew sticks, known popularly as "miswak holders".

When compared to toothbrushes, teeth-cleaning twigs have several advantages:

• More ecological in its life-cycle
• Lower cost (0–16% of the cost of a toothbrush[16])
• Independence from external supplier if made at home from privately owned trees
• Low maintenance, with some twigs needing moistening with water if they become dry, to ensure the end is soft. The end may be cut afresh to ensure hygiene, and should not be stored near a sink. The twig is replaced every few weeks to maintain proper hygiene.
• No need for toothpaste

On the other hand, different species of trees have various levels of hardness just as synthetic toothbrushes would, so careful selection of the right hardness is required before use. Excessive scrubbing too can also bring the risk of gum damage, though this is a concern for plastic toothbrushes as well.[16]

• Ayurveda
• Babool (brand) of tooth paste in India, made from babool tree
• Miswak