Chrysophyllum

Chrysophyllum is a group of trees in the Sapotaceae described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1753.[2][3]

Chrysophyllum
Chrysophyllum oliviforme
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Sapotaceae
Subfamily: Chrysophylloideae
Genus: Chrysophyllum
L. (1753)[1]
Synonyms[1]
  • Achrouteria Eyma (1936)
  • Cainito Plum. ex Adans. (1763), nom. superfl.
  • Chloroluma Baill. (1891)
  • Chlorophyllum Liais (1872), orth. var.
  • Cornuella Pierre (1891)
  • Cynodendron Baehni (1964)
  • Dactimala Raf. (1838)
  • Fibocentrum Pierre ex Glaziou (1910), opus utique oppr.
  • Gambeyobotrys Aubrév. (1972)
  • Guersentia Raf. (1838)
  • Martiusella Pierre (1891)
  • Nycterisition Ruiz & Pav. (1794)
  • Prieurella Pierre (1891)
  • Ragala Pierre (1891)
  • Villocuspis (A.DC.) Aubrév. & Pellegr. (1961)

The genus is native to the tropical Americas, from Mexico to northern Argentina, including the Caribbean. It has also been discovered in parts of Uganda, and Nigeria. Within Africa, there is Gambeya africana a medium sized tree within the Sapotaceae family. It is sometimes known as the African Star Apple along with the closely related Gambeya albida.[1] One species, C. oliviforme, extends north to southern Florida.[4][1]

Description

Chrysophyllum members are usually tropical trees, often growing rapidly to 10–20 m or more in height. The leaves are oval, 3–15 cm long, green above, densely golden pubescent below, from which the genus is named.[5] The flowers are small (3–8 mm), purplish white and have a sweet fragrant smell; they are clustered several together, and are hermaphroditic (self fertile). The fruit is edible; round, usually purple skinned (sometimes greenish-white), often green around the calyx, with a star pattern in the pulp; the flattened seeds are light brown and hard. The fruit skin is chewy like gum, and contrary to some reports, is edible. [6][7]

Species

Currently accepted species include:[1]

  1. Chrysophyllum acreanum - Brazil (Acre, Amazonas)
  2. Chrysophyllum albidum- Nigeria and Uganda (Kibale National Park)
  3. Chrysophyllum albipilum - Peru (San Martín)
  4. Chrysophyllum amazonicum - Amazon Basin
  5. Chrysophyllum arenarium - E Brazil
  6. Chrysophyllum argenteum - West Indies, Central America, N South America
  7. Chrysophyllum aulacocarpum - Miranda
  8. Chrysophyllum bicolor - Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands
  9. Chrysophyllum bombycinum - Loreto, Amazonas
  10. Chrysophyllum brenesii - Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
  11. Chrysophyllum cainito - Belize, Jamaica, Cayman Is
  12. Chrysophyllum colombianum - Central America, NW South America
  13. Chrysophyllum contumacense - Peru
  14. Chrysophyllum cuneifolium - N South America
  15. Chrysophyllum durifructum - Amazonas
  16. Chrysophyllum euryphyllum - Colombia
  17. Chrysophyllum eximium - Suriname, N. Brazil
  18. Chrysophyllum flexuosum - Brazil
  19. Chrysophyllum gonocarpum - Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay, Paraguay, N Argentina
  20. Chrysophyllum hirsutum - Panama, Costa Rica
  21. Chrysophyllum imperiale - E Brazil
  22. Chrysophyllum inornatum - S Brazil
  23. Chrysophyllum januariense - Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro
  24. Chrysophyllum lanatum - Colombia
  25. Chrysophyllum lancisepalum R.Lima – Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo)
  26. Chrysophyllum lucentifolium - Panama, Costa Rica, South America
  27. Chrysophyllum manabiense - Ecuador
  28. Chrysophyllum manaosense - N South America
  29. Chrysophyllum marginatum - South America
  30. Chrysophyllum mexicanum - Mexico, Central America
  31. Chrysophyllum moralesiananum Aguilar, D.Santam. & J.M.Chaves – Costa Rica
  32. Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. - Florida, West Indies
  33. Chrysophyllum ovale - Peru, Bolivia, Acre
  34. Chrysophyllum paranaense - São Paulo, Paraná
  35. Chrysophyllum parvulum - Colombia, Venezuela
  36. Chrysophyllum pauciflorum - Puerto Rico to Virgin Islands
  37. Chrysophyllum pomiferum - tropical South America
  38. Chrysophyllum prieurii - Panama, tropical South America
  39. Chrysophyllum pubipetalum Sossai & Alves-Araújo – Brazil (Espirito Santo)
  40. Chrysophyllum reitzianum – Santa Catarina
  41. Chrysophyllum revolutum - Peru
  42. Chrysophyllum rufum - E Brazil
  43. Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum - tropical South America
  44. Chrysophyllum scalare - Peru, Venezuela
  45. Chrysophyllum sierpense Aguilar, D.Santam. & J.M.Chaves – Costa Rica
  46. Chrysophyllum sparsiflorum - Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil, Bolivia
  47. Chrysophyllum splendens - E Brazil
  48. Chrysophyllum striatum - Panama
  49. Chrysophyllum subspinosum - Bahia
  50. Chrysophyllum superbum - Amazonas
  51. Chrysophyllum ucuquirana-branca - S Venezuela, N Brazil
  52. Chrysophyllum venezuelanense - tropical South America, Central America, Mexico
  53. Chrysophyllum viride - Brazil
  54. Chrysophyllum wilsonii - Amazonas
Formerly included[1]
  • Donella ambrensis Aubrév. (as C. ambrense (Aubrév.) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.)
  • Donella analalavensis Aubrév. (as C. analalavense (Aubrév.) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.)
  • Donella bangweolensis (R.E.Fr. & Pellegr.) Mackinder (as C. bangweolense R.E.Fr. & Pellegr.)
  • Donella capuronii (G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.) Mackinder & L.Gaut. (as C. capuronii G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.)
  • Donella delphinensis Aubrév. (as C. delphinense (Aubrév.) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.)
  • Donella fenerivensis Aubrév. (as C. fenerivense (Aubrév.) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.)
  • Donella guereliana (Aubrév.) Mackinder (as C guerelianum (Aubrév.) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.)
  • Donella masoalensis Aubrév. (as C. masoalense (Aubrév.) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.)
  • Donella perrieri Lecomte (as C. perrieri (Lecomte) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.)
  • Donella pruniformis (Engl.) Pierre ex Engl. (as C. pruniforme Engl.)
  • Donella viridifolia (J.M.Wood & Franks) Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. viridifolium J.M.Wood & Franks)
  • Donella ubangiensis (De Wild.) Aubrév. (as C. ubangiense (De Wild.) Govaerts)
  • Englerophytum longepedicellatum (De Wild.) L.Gaut. (as C. longifolium De Wild.)
  • Englerophytum magalismontanum (Sond.) T.D.Penn. (as C. magalismontanum Sond.)
  • Englerophytum oblanceolatum (S.Moore) T.D.Penn. (as C. tessmannii Engl. & K.Krause)
  • Gambeya africana - (A.DC.) Pierre (as C. africanum A.DC.)
  • Gambeya albida (G.Don) Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. albidum G.Don)
  • Gambeya azaguieana (J.Miège) Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. azaguieanum J.Miège)
  • Gambeya beguei (Aubrév. & Pellegr.) Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. beguei (Aubrév. & Pellegr.) Aubrév. & Pellegr.)
  • Gambeya boiviniana Pierre (as C. boivinianum (Pierre) Baehni)
  • Gambeya boukokoensis Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. boukokoense (Aubrév. & Pellegr.) L.Gaut.)
  • Gambeya gigantea (A.Chev.) Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. giganteum A.Chev.)
  • Gambeya gorungosana (Engl.) Liben (as C. gorungosanum Engl.)
  • Gambeya lacourtiana (De Wild.) Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. lacourtianum De Wild.)
  • Gambeya lungi (De Wild.) Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. lungi De Wild.)
  • Gambeya muerensis (Engl.) Liben (as C. muerense Engl.)
  • Gambeya taiensis (Aubrév. & Pellegr.) Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. taiense Aubrév. & Pellegr.)
  • Jacquinia arborea Vahl (as C. barbasco Loefl.)
  • Micropholis rugosa (Sw.) Pierre (as C. rugosum Sw.)
  • Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B.Rob. (as C. philippense Perr.)
  • Pouteria alnifolia (Baker) Roberty (as C. alnifolium Baker)
  • Pouteria gardneri (Mart. & Miq.) Baehni (as C. gardneri Mart. & Miq.)
  • Pouteria macrophylla (Lam.) Eyma (as C. macrophyllum Lam.)
  • Pouteria reticulata (Engl.) Eyma (as C. reticulatum Engl.)
  • Pradosia brevipes (Pierre) T.D.Penn. (as C. soboliferum Rizzini)
  • Pradosia lactescens (Vell.) Radlk. (as C. burahem Riedel)

References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chrysophyllum.
Wikispecies has information related to Chrysophyllum.
  1. Chrysophyllum L. Plants of the World Online, Kew Science. Accessed 5 June 2023.
  2. Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 192 in Latin
  3. Tropicos, Chrysophyllum L.
  4. Chrysophyllum L. World Flora Online. Accessed 3 December 2022.
  5. The generic name is derived from the Greek words χρυσός (chrysos), meaning "gold," and φυλλον (phyllos), meaning "leaf." See Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. Vol. I A-C. CRC Press. p. 534. ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2.
  6. Flora of North America Vol. 8 Page 245 Cainito Chrysophyllum Linnaeus
  7. Flora of China, Vol. 15 Page 208 金叶树属 jin ye shu shu Chrysophyllum Linnaeus
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