Recognition of same-sex unions in the Czech Republic

The Czech Republic has offered registered partnerships for same-sex couples since 1 July 2006. Registered partnerships grant several of the rights of marriage, including inheritance, the right to declare a same-sex partner as next of kin, hospital visitation rights, jail and prison visitation rights, spousal privilege, and alimony rights, but do not allow joint adoption, widow's pension, or joint property rights. The registered partnership law was passed in March 2006 and went into effect on 1 July 2006.[1][2][3] The country also grants unregistered cohabitation status to "persons living in a common household" that gives couples inheritance and succession rights in housing.[4]

Part of the LGBT rights series
Marriage
Civil unions and
registered partnerships
Common-law marriage
Minimal recognition
See also
Notes
  1. Performed in the Netherlands proper, including the Caribbean Netherlands. Registered in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  3. Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  4. Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
  5. Cohabitation. Registered foreign marriages confer limited rights. Marriage recognized in some cities.
  6. The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. All EU member states except Romania follow the ruling.
  7. Residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  8. Unregistered cohabitation or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  9. Some cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, though not legally formalized.
  10. Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.
  11. Foreign same-sex spouses are eligible for a "Non-Tourist Visa" as a dependent.
  12. Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status
* Not yet in effect
LGBT portal

A same-sex marriage bill is currently pending in the Parliament of the Czech Republic. Opinion polls show that the bill enjoys majority support among the Czech people.

Registered partnerships

There had been several attempts to allow same-sex registered partnerships in the Czech Republic. In 1998, a partnership bill reached the Chamber of Deputies, but was defeated by two votes.[5] In 1999, the chamber voted against another bill.[6][7] In February 2001, the Zeman Cabinet presented a third bill, which was rejected by Parliament in October 2001.[8][9][10] On 11 February 2005, another bill was defeated by one vote. It was backed by 82 out of the 165 deputies present, most voting in favour being Social Democrats, Communists, Freedom Union members and some deputies from the opposition Civic Democratic Party (ODS).[11]

In April 2005, a partnership bill passed its first reading in the Chamber with 82 votes for and 9 against. On 16 December 2005, it passed its third reading with 86 votes for, 54 against, and 7 abstentions.[12] The legislation established registered partnerships (Czech: registrované partnerství, pronounced [ˈrɛɡɪstrovanɛː ˈpartnɛrstviː]) for same-sex couples, providing several of the rights of marriage, including inheritance, the right to declare a same-sex partner as next of kin, hospital visitation rights, jail and prison visitation rights, spousal privilege and alimony rights, but not allowing joint adoption rights, widow's pension, or joint property rights.

16 December 2005 vote in the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic[13]
PartyVoted forVoted againstAbstainedAbsent or excused
 G  Czech Social Democratic Party
45
 -
1
  • Petr Ibl
24
  • Vlastimil Aubrecht (Abs)
  • Pavel Hönig (Abs)
  • Miroslav Kapoun (Abs)
  • Jan Kavan (Exc)
  • Robert Kopecký (Abs)
  • Jozef Kubinyi (Exc)
  • Miloš Kužvart (Exc)
  • Petr Lachnit (Abs)
  • Miroslav Máče (Abs)
  • Radko Martínek (Abs)
  • Miloš Máša (Abs)
  • Miloš Melčák (Abs)
  • Alfréd Michalík (Abs)
  • Josef Mikuta (Abs)
  • Eva Nováková (Abs)
  • Jaromír Schling (Abs)
  • Ladislav Skopal (Abs)
  • Evžen Snítilý (Abs)
  • Miroslav Svoboda (Abs)
  • Antonín Sýkora (Abs)
  • Rudolf Tomíček (Abs)
  • Jiří Václavek (Abs)
  • Ladislav Vomáčko (Abs)
  • Petr Zgarba (Abs)
  Civic Democratic Party
13
  • Josef Bíža
  • Vladimír Doležal
  • Kateřina Dostálová
  • Tomáš Hasil
  • Zdeňka Horníková
  • Helena Mallotová
  • Alena Páralová
  • Josef Poláček
  • Jiří Pospíšil
  • Aleš Rozehnal
  • Karel Sehoř
  • Lucie Talmanová
  • Petr Tluchoř
30
  • Walter Bartoš
  • Jan Bauer
  • Marek Benda
  • Jiří Bílý
  • Radim Chytka
  • Michal Doktor
  • Tomáš Dub
  • Pavel Hrnčíř
  • Libor Ježek
  • Jan Klas
  • Jozef Kochan
  • Martin Kocourek
  • Miroslav Krajíček
  • Petr Krill
  • Václav Mencl
  • Petr Nečas
  • Miroslava Němcová
  • Zbyněk Novotný
  • Miroslav Pátek
  • Jaroslav Pešán
  • Jaroslav Plachý
  • Petr Pleva
  • Martin Říman
  • Jan Schwippel
  • David Šeich
  • Tomáš Teplík
  • Vlastimil Tlustý
  • Eduard Vávra
  • Jan Vidím
  • Tom Zajíček
4
  • Tomáš Kladívko
  • Jiří Papež
  • Pavel Suchánek
  • Bohuslav Záruba
10
  • Miroslav Beneš (Exc)
  • Petr Bratský (Abs)
  • Eva Dundáčková (Abs)
  • Miloslav Kučera (Abs)
  • Ivan Langer (Exc)
  • Václav Nájemník (Abs)
  • Veronika Nedvědová (Abs)
  • Miloš Patera (Abs)
  • Lubomír Suk (Abs)
  • Oldřich Vojíř (Exc)
  Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia
22
  • František Beneš
  • Milan Bičík
  • Květoslava Čelišová
  • Vlastimil Dlab
  • Jiří Dolejš
  • Jiřina Fialová
  • Stanislav Fischer
  • Stanislav Grospič
  • Jitka Gruntová
  • Pavel Hojda
  • Vladimír Koníček
  • Pavel Kováčik
  • Ivana Levá
  • Soňa Marková
  • Miroslav Opálka
  • Zuzka Bebarová Rujbrová
  • Josef Šenfeld
  • Ladislav Urban
  • Miroslava Vlčková
  • Miloslava Vostrá
  • Karel Vymětal
  • Antonín Zralý
4
  • Petr Braný
  • Ladislav Býček
  • Jaroslav Gongol
  • Josef Švarcbek
2
  • Ladislav Mlčák
  • Svatomír Recman
13
 G  Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party -
19
 -
2
 G  Freedom Union – Democratic Union
5
1
  • Zdeněk Kořistka
 -
4
  • Karel Kühnl (Abs)
  • Pavel Němec (Exc)
  • Vlastimil Ostrý (Abs)
  • Robert Vokáč (Exc)
  Independents
1
  • Tomáš Vrbík
 - - -
Total 8654753

The legislation was passed by the Senate on 26 January 2006 in a 65–14 vote.[14][15]

On 16 February 2006, President Václav Klaus vetoed the bill.[16][17][18] In response, Prime Minister Jiří Paroubek said that he would seek a parliamentary majority (101 votes) in the lower chamber to override the veto and did so successfully on 15 March 2006 with the exact number of votes needed (101) out of 177 votes cast.[19][20][21][22]

15 March 2006 vote in the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic[23]
PartyVoted forVoted againstAbstainedAbsent or excused
 G  Czech Social Democratic Party
66
  • Vlastimil Aubrecht
  • Robin Böhnisch
  • Vladimír Čada
  • Karel Černý
  • Anna Čurdová
  • Milan Ekert
  • Andrej Grega
  • Václav Grüner
  • Jana Hamplová
  • Michal Hašek
  • Pavel Hönig
  • Zdeněk Jičínský
  • Miloslav Kala
  • Miroslav Kapoun
  • Jan Kavan
  • Robert Kopecký
  • Zdeněk Koudelka
  • Jaroslav Krákora
  • Karel Kratochvíle
  • Stanislav Křeček
  • Jozef Kubinyi
  • Pavol Kubuš
  • Jitka Kupčová
  • Miloš Kužvart
  • Petr Lachnit
  • Vladimír Laštůvka
  • Miroslav Máče
  • Radko Martínek
  • Miloš Máša
  • Lenka Mazuchová
  • Miloš Melčák
  • Alfréd Michalík
  • Dagmar Mocová
  • Oldřich Němec
  • Hana Orgoníková
  • Břetislav Petr
  • Petr Rafaj
  • Josef Řihák
  • Jaromír Schling
  • Antonín Seďa
  • Hana Šedivá
  • Iva Šedivá
  • Ladislav Skopal
  • Zdeněk Škromach
  • Josef Smýkal
  • Evžen Snítilý
  • Bohuslav Sobotka
  • Karel Šplíchal
  • František Strnad
  • Petr Šulák
  • Miroslav Svoboda
  • Antonín Sýkora
  • Miloš Titz
  • Jiří Třešňák
  • Radim Turek
  • Jiří Václavek
  • Miroslav Váňa
  • Miloslav Vlček
  • František Vnouček
  • Jitka Vojtilová
  • Ladislav Vomáčko
  • Václav Votava
  • Lubomír Zaorálek
  • Cyril Zapletal
  • Eduard Zeman
  • Petr Zgarba
2
  • Josef Mikuta
  • Rudolf Tomíček
1
  • Petr Ibl
1
  • Eva Nováková (Abs)
  Civic Democratic Party
2
  • Josef Bíža
  • Helena Mallotová
26
  • Walter Bartoš
  • Jan Bauer
  • Marek Benda
  • Radim Chytka
  • Michal Doktor
  • Eva Dundáčková
  • Pavel Hrnčíř
  • Tomáš Kádner
  • Jan Klas
  • Jozef Kochan
  • Martin Kocourek
  • Miroslav Krajíček
  • Petr Krill
  • Miloslav Kučera
  • Václav Mencl
  • Petr Nečas
  • Miroslav Pátek
  • Jaroslav Pešán
  • Jaroslav Plachý
  • Petr Pleva
  • Martin Říman
  • Jan Schwippel
  • Tomáš Teplík
  • Eduard Vávra
  • Jan Vidím
  • Tom Zajíček
14
  • Kateřina Dostálová
  • Tomáš Hasil
  • Tomáš Kladívko
  • Ivan Langer
  • Václav Nájemník
  • Veronika Nedvědová
  • Jiří Papež
  • Alena Páralová
  • Miloš Patera
  • Josef Poláček
  • Pavel Suchánek
  • Lubomír Suk
  • Petr Tluchoř
  • Oldřich Vojíř
15
  • Miroslav Beneš (Exc)
  • Jiří Bílý (Abs)
  • Petr Bratský (Abs)
  • Tomáš Dub (Abs)
  • Zdeňka Horníková (Abs)
  • Libor Ježek (Abs)
  • Miroslava Němcová (Exc)
  • Zbyněk Novotný (Abs)
  • Jiří Pospíšil (Exc)
  • Aleš Rozehnal (Abs)
  • Karel Sehoř (Abs)
  • David Šeich (Abs)
  • Lucie Talmanová (Exc)
  • Vlastimil Tlustý (Abs)
  • Bohuslav Záruba (Exc)
  Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia
26
  • František Beneš
  • Milan Bičík
  • Květoslava Čelišová
  • Alexander Černý
  • Vlastimil Dlab
  • Jiří Dolejš
  • Václav Exner
  • Jiřina Fialová
  • Stanislav Fischer
  • Václav Frank
  • Stanislav Grospič
  • Jitka Gruntová
  • Pavel Hojda
  • Kateřina Konečná
  • Vladimír Koníček
  • Pavel Kováčik
  • Ivana Levá
  • Soňa Marková
  • Miroslav Opálka
  • Zuzka Bebarová Rujbrová
  • Josef Šenfeld
  • Ladislav Urban
  • Miroslava Vlčková
  • Miloslava Vostrá
  • Karel Vymětal
  • Antonín Zralý
9
  • Marta Bayerová
  • Petr Braný
  • Ladislav Býček
  • Jaroslav Gongol
  • Zdeněk Maršíček
  • Vladimír Reiber
  • Marie Rusová
  • Josef Švarcbek
  • Josef Vondruška
3
3
 G  Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party -
20
 -
1
  • Vladimír Říha (Exc)
 G  Freedom Union – Democratic Union
7
 - -
3
  • Zdeněk Kořistka (Abs)
  • Karel Kühnl (Abs)
  • Robert Vokáč (Exc)
  Independents - -
1
  • Tomáš Vrbík
 -
Total 101571821

In September 2014, a group of deputies introduced a bill to permit a person to adopt the stepchild(ren) of their registered partner (i.e. stepchild adoption).[24] In October 2014, the Sobotka Cabinet decided not to take an official stance on the bill.[25] Instead, on 24 October 2016, it approved its own draft bill on the issue, and introduced it to Parliament on 8 November.[26][27][28][29][30] The bills were not brought to a vote before the 2017 legislative election.

There are a number of differences between registered partnerships and marriage. Registered partners do not have the same rights to shared property as married couples, do not receive the same tax benefits, and do not have the right to a widow or widower's pension or adoption rights.[31] Another major distinction is that registered partnerships can only be performed in the 14 regional capitals, whereas marriages can be performed in over 1,200 registry offices throughout the country. This was noted in a July 2016 report by the ombudsman office, which also stated that a dying person in a hospital cannot enter into a partnership because of these restrictions.[32]

Statistics

By June 2009, 780 registered partnerships had been conducted in the Czech Republic.[33][34] By the end of 2010, that number had increased to 1,110, 66 of which had been dissolved.[35] A large majority of these partnerships involved two Czech citizens, though there were also several couples with at least one partner from the United States, Slovakia or the United Kingdom.[36] Most partnerships were performed in Prague followed by Central Bohemia and South Moravia, while Zlín and Vysočina registered the fewest partnerships.[37]

Registered partnerships in the Czech Republic[38][39]
YearFemale couplesMale couplesTotal
200664187251
200780183263
200870163233
200976135211
201053150203
201175113188
201278129207
201387126213
2014100142242
2015112158270
2016147201348
2017149184333
2018160158318
2019167178345
Total1,4182,2073,625

From July 2006 to the end of 2019, 3,625 registered partnerships were performed in the Czech Republic. During this period, 913 partnerships (25%) were dissolved, lower than the divorce rate of opposite-sex partners at around 50%. In 2018, 318 couples entered into registered partnerships, and for the first time the number of lesbian couples surpassed that of male couples.[40][41]

Same-sex marriage
Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹
  Marriage
  Civil union
  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.

Failed attempts to pass legislation (2017–2021)

The Green Party and the Pirate Party expressed support for same-sex marriage in their 2017 electoral programs.[42][43] Following the adoption of a same-sex marriage law by the German Bundestag in June 2017, Zbyněk Stanjura, a deputy from the Civic Democratic Party (ODS), suggested that his party could agree to a free vote in Parliament.[44]

Before the October 2017 election, activists started a campaign called "We Are Fair" (Czech: Jsme fér, pronounced [jsmɛ fɛːr]) to legalise same-sex marriage in the Czech Republic.[44][45] The campaign found that a majority of deputies from ANO 2011, the Pirate Party, the Social Democratic Party (ČSSD), TOP 09, and the Mayors and Independents (STAN) supported same-sex marriage, while a minority of ODS, Communist and Christian Democratic MPs supported same-sex marriage, and no deputy from the Freedom and Direct Democracy (SPD) party was in favour.[46] Prime Minister Andrej Babiš expressed support for the legalisation of same-sex marriage.[47][48][49][50]

On 12 June 2018, a bill to legalise same-sex marriage, sponsored by 46 deputies, was introduced to the Chamber of Deputies.[51][52] Three days later, a group of 37 deputies proposed a constitutional amendment to define marriage as the "union of a man and a woman" in the Constitution of the Czech Republic, which would have required a two-thirds majority in the chamber.[53][54] On 22 June 2018, the Babiš Cabinet announced its support for the same-sex marriage bill.[55][56][57] The "We Are Fair" campaign presented 70,350 signatures in support of same-sex marriage to the Chamber of Deputies in late June.[58] The first reading of the same-sex marriage bill was scheduled for 31 October, but was delayed to 14 November.[59][60] As debate on both bills began, individual MPs spoke on both sides of the issue rather than split on party lines, indicative of a conscience vote.[61] A vote was expected in January 2019, but was postponed to 26 March 2019,[62] but then postponed again. On 10 January 2019, President Miloš Zeman stated that he might veto the same-sex marriage bill if it was passed by Parliament.[63][64] Such a veto would force a second vote on the law, with the support of 101 deputies (50% + 1) required to override the presidential veto. On 29 April 2021, a proposal to reject the bill at first reading failed, receiving 41 votes from the 93 deputies present,[65] and the bill therefore progressed to the committee stage.[66] However, it did not advance further before the October 2021 election.[67]

Introduction of legislation (2022–present)

In June 2022, a cross-party same-sex marriage bill was introduced to the Chamber of Deputies. The bill would grant same-sex couples the same legal rights and benefits as opposite-sex married spouses, including joint property rights, adoption rights, the right to inherit their partner's pension and access to alternative family care.[68] Several candidates in the 2023 presidential election supported same-sex marriage and adoption rights, including the winner, Petr Pavel,[69][70] and runner-up Andrej Babiš.[71][72]

Debate on the bill began in May 2023.[73][74][75] A poll conducted at the time showed that 72% of Czechs supported same-sex marriage.[76] The bill passed its first reading by 68 votes to 58 in the Chamber of Deputies on 29 June.[77][78] It now requires further approval in committees before returning to the Chamber for a final reading, then going to the Senate and President Pavel for his signature. On 6 September 2023, several companies, including Vodafone, Microsoft, Danone, Československá obchodní banka and IKEA, supported an open letter to the government in support of the bill.[79][80]

Public opinion

A 2007 opinion poll from CVVM (Centrum pro výzkum veřejného mínění, Center for Public Opinion Research) indicated that 36% of Czechs supported the legalisation of same-sex marriage, while 57% were opposed.[45] A May 2017 opinion poll by CVVM found a 52% majority in favour of legalising same-sex marriage, with 41% opposed.[44]

A 2017 poll conducted by the Pew Research Center showed that 65% of Czechs supported same-sex marriage. Support was far higher among 18–34-year-olds, with only 18% of people in that age group being opposed to same-sex marriage.[81] A Median poll conducted in February 2018 (and published in April) found that 75% of Czechs supported the right of gay and lesbian couples to marry, while 19% were opposed. 13% believed that legalising same-sex marriage would threaten opposite-sex marriages, and 8% believed it would threaten them personally. Additionally, 61% of Czechs were in support of adoption by same-sex couples, while 31% were opposed.[82][83]

A poll from January 2019, when a same-sex marriage bill was scheduled to undergo first reading in Parliament, indicated that 61% of Czechs supported same-sex marriage. Various Czech celebrities also expressed support, including tennis player Martina Navratilova, singers Bára Basiková and Dara Rolins, photographer Robert Vano, actresses Simona Stašová and Anna Geislerová, and politician Ivan Bartoš.[84] According to a June 2019 survey conducted in May 2019 by CVVM, 75% of respondents supported registered partnerships with 20% opposed, 47% supported same-sex marriage with 48% opposed, and 60% supported stepchild adoption with 31% opposed.[85]

A Median poll published in January 2020 showed that 67% of Czechs supported same-sex marriage, and 62% supported joint adoption by same-sex couples.[86] The survey found a large generational gap, with younger respondents overwhelmingly in support, but those aged 55 and above mostly opposed.[87]

A GLOBSEC survey conducted in March 2023 showed that 72% of Czechs supported same-sex marriage, while 24% were opposed.[76]

See also

References
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  2. "Nearly weds:Country's first same-sex unions". Prague Post.
  3. "Gay marriage legalized". Radio Prague International. 3 July 2006.
  4. Prague Archived 2015-06-30 at the Wayback Machine
  5. CZECH REPUBLIC: NO MARRIAGES FOR GAYS AND LESBIANS
  6. Gay-marriage bill is rejected
  7. NO TO REGISTERED PARTNERSHIP IN CZECH REPUBLIC
  8. Czech Gay Bill Drafted
  9. Gay marriage not likely in Czech Republic
  10. Equality for same-sex couples
  11. Czech Gay and Lesbian League upset about repeated rejection of same sex partnerships
  12. Czech MPs approve law on same-sex partnerships
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  14. Bill on single sex partnerships makes it through both houses of Parliament
  15. Czech Gays Get Partner Rights
  16. Czech Republic President Vetoes Gay Union Bill
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  18. Czech President Vetoes Gay Partner Bill
  19. Czech Parliament Overrides Veto, Passes Gay Partner Law
  20. Czech MPs approve gay rights law
  21. Czech Parliament Overrides Veto, Passes Gay Partner Law
  22. Same-sex registered partnerships to be introduced after deputies override presidential veto
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  25. (in Czech) Vláda se neshodla na novele o adopci registrovanými partnery
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  40. "Dosud uzavřelo registrované partnerství 3117 párů. Po zrušení zákazu adopce roste zájem žen, loni poprvé překonaly muže". Hospodářské Noviny (in Czech). 1 February 2019.
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