Lygodium

Lygodium (climbing fern) is a genus of about 40 species of ferns, native to tropical regions across the world, with a few temperate species in eastern Asia and eastern North America. It is the sole genus in the family Lygodiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).[1] Alternatively, the genus may be placed as the only genus in the subfamily Lygodioideae of a more broadly defined family Schizaeaceae,[2] the family placement used in Plants of the World Online as of November 2019.[3]

Lygodium
Temporal range:
Lygodium japonicum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Schizaeales
Family: Lygodiaceae
C.Presl
Genus: Lygodium
Sw.
Type species
Lygodium scandens
(L.) Sw.
Species

See text

Synonyms[1]
  • Arthrolygodes Presl 1845
  • Cteisium Michaux 1803
  • Gisopteris Bernh. 1800
  • Hugona Cavanilles ex Roemer 1801
  • Hydroglossum Willdenow 1802
  • Lygodictyon Smith ex Hook. 1842
  • Odontopteris Bernhardi 1800 non (Brongniart 1822) Sternberg 1825
  • Ramondia de Mirbel 1801
  • Ugena Cavanilles 1801
  • Vallifilix Du Petit-Thouars 1806

Description

Lygodium are unusual in that the rachis, or midrib, of the frond is thin, flexible, and long, the frond unrolling with indeterminate growth and the rachis twining around supports, so that each frond forms a distinct vine. The fronds may be from 3–12 m (9.8–39.4 ft) long, depending on the species.

Uses

Lygodium species, known as nito, are used as a source of fibers in the Philippines. The fibers are used as material for weaving, most notably of traditional salakot headgear.[4][5]

As invasive species

Some Lygodium species are now considered very problematic invasive weeds in the southeastern United States. Populations of Lygodium have increased more than 12-fold over the past decade, as noted by Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.[6]

Japanese climbing fern (Lygodium japonicum) was added to the Florida Noxious Weed List in 1999. It is also a major problem in pine plantations, causing contamination and harvesting problems for the pine straw industry. Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum) infests cypress swamps and other hydric sites, forming a monoculture. This massive infestation displaces all native flora and fauna, completely changing the ecosystem of the area.[7]

Plants in this genus have basal chromosome counts of n=28, 29, 30.

Selected species
Phylogeny of Lygodium[8][9]
section

L. palmatum

Palmata

L. articulatum

section

L. reticulatum

L. flexuosum

L. microphyllum

Lygodium
section

L. kerstenii

L. lanceolatum

L. salicifolium

L. circinatum

L. radiatum

L. smithianum

L. cubense

L. oligostachyum

L. heterodoxum

L. polystachyum

L. venustum

L. japonicum

L. volubile

Volubilia
  • Lygodium altum (Clarke) Alderw. 1909
  • Lygodium articulatum A.Rich. 1832 – New Zealand (North Island).[10]
  • Lygodium auriculatum (Willd.) Alston 1959
  • Lygodium boivinii Kuhn 1868
  • Lygodium borneense Alderw. 1915
  • Lygodium circinatum (Burm.fil.) Sw. 1806 – Tropical Asia and Australasia.
  • ?Lygodium conforme – China.
  • Lygodium cubense Kunth 1815 – Cuba, Hispaniola.
  • ?Lygodium digitatum – China.
  • Lygodium dimorphum Copel. 1911
  • Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. 1801 – Southern China south to northern Australasia, Kerala(South India).
  • Lygodium heterodoxum Kunze 1849
  • Lygodium hians E.Fourn. 1873
  • Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. 1801 – Japanese climbing fern. Eastern Asia south to northern Australia.
  • Lygodium kerstenii Kuhn 1867
  • Lygodium lanceolatum Desv. 1811
  • Lygodium longifolium (Willd.) Sw. 1803
  • Lygodium merrillii Copel. 1907
  • Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br. 1810 – Old World climbing fern. Africa, south Asia and Australia.
  • ?Lygodium microstachyum – China.
  • Lygodium oligostachyum (Willd.) Desv. 1827
  • Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Swartz 1806 – American climbing fern. Eastern United States (rare, confined to acid soils).
  • Lygodium polystachyum Wall. ex Moore 1859 – China.
  • Lygodium radiatum Prantl 1881
  • Lygodium reticulatum Schkuhr 1809 – Australia, Polynesia.
  • Lygodium salicifolium Presl 1845 – Southern China south to northern Australasia.
  • ?Lygodium subareolatum – China.
  • Lygodium smithianum Presl 1845
  • Lygodium trifurcatum Baker 1868 – Tropical southeast Asia south to northern Australasia.
  • Lygodium venustum Sw. 1803
  • Lygodium versteeghii Christ 1909 – Tropical southeast Asia south to northern Australasia.
  • Lygodium volubile Sw. 1803 – Northern South America, Central America, Caribbean.
  • Lygodium yunnanense Ching 1959 – Southern China.
  • L. ×fayae Jermy & Walker 1985
  • L. ×lancetillanum Gómez 1980

References
  1. PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229. S2CID 39980610.
  2. Christenhusz, Maarten J.M. & Chase, Mark W. (2014). "Trends and concepts in fern classification". Annals of Botany. 113 (9): 571–594. doi:10.1093/aob/mct299. PMC 3936591. PMID 24532607.
  3. "Lygodium Sw". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-11-23.
  4. Salakot and Other Headgear (PDF). ICHCAP, UNESCO.
  5. "Lygodium (PROSEA)". Pl@ntUse. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  6. "SS-AGR-21/AG122: Natural Area Weeds: Old World Climbing Fern (Lygodium microphyllum)". Edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
  7. "Japanese climbing fern—Lygodium japonicum | Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants". Plants.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
  8. Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022). "An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 909768. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768. PMC 9449725. PMID 36092417.
  9. "Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL". FTOL v1.5.0 [GenBank release 256]. 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  10. "Flora of New Zealand | General Profile | Lygodium articulatum". Nzflora.info. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
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