Åmli

Åmli is a municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located in the traditional region of Sørlandet. The main population centre and administrative center is the village of Åmli which lies along the river Nidelva. Other villages in Åmli include Askland, Dølemo, Eppeland, Flaten, Hillestad, Homdrom, Lauveik, Nelaug, Øvre Ramse, Skjeggedal, Tveit, Vehus, and Ytre Ramse.[3]

Åmli kommune
Aamli herred (historic)
Omlid herred (historic)
View of the Nidelva river in Åmli
View of the Nidelva river in Åmli
Flag of Åmli kommune
Official logo of Åmli kommune
Åmli within Agder
Åmli within Agder
Coordinates: 58°47′53″N 08°22′9″E
CountryNorway
CountyAgder
DistrictSørlandet
Established1 Jan 1838
  Created asFormannskapsdistrikt
Administrative centreÅmli
Government
  Mayor (2019)Bjørn Gunnar Baas (Sp)
Area
  Total1,130.60 km2 (436.53 sq mi)
  Land1,058.42 km2 (408.66 sq mi)
  Water72.18 km2 (27.87 sq mi)  6.4%
  Rank#98 in Norway
Population
 (2022)
  Total1,801
  Rank#292 in Norway
  Density1.7/km2 (4/sq mi)
  Change (10 years)
Decrease −1.3%
DemonymÅmling[1]
Official language
  Norwegian formNynorsk
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
  Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeNO-4217
WebsiteOfficial website

The 1,131-square-kilometre (437 sq mi) municipality is the 98th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Åmli is the 292nd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,801. The municipality's population density is 1.7 inhabitants per square kilometre (4.4/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 1.3% over the previous 10-year period.[4][5]

General information

View of the river Nidelva
Old Stolpehus in the Tovdal valley
Åmli Church beneath a large mountainside

Name

The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Åmli farm (Old Norse: Almlíð) since the first Åmli Church was built there. The first element is almr which means "elm tree" or "elm wood". The last element is hlíð which means "slope" or "hillside". Historically, the name was historically spelled Omlid before being changed to Aamli. The 1917 Norwegian language reform law changed the spelling from using the digraph "Aa" to using the letter Å instead (Åmli).[6]

Coat of arms

The coat of arms was granted on 23 October 1987. The official blazon is "Azure, a beaver rampant regardant argent" (Norwegian: På blå grunn ein oppreist sølv bever med hovudet vendt bakover). This means the arms have a blue field (background) and the charge is a beaver. The beaver has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white or gray, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The beaver was chosen because the Åmli area was one of the few remaining beaver habitats in Europe. By the late 19th century, only about 100 beavers were left in Europe, mostly in the Åmli area. They were protected and after World War I, the beavers from this area have been used to help re-populate other areas in Europe where the beaver had gone extinct in the wild. The arms were designed by Odd Einar Ufsvatn who won a competition for designing the arms. The municipal flag has the same design as the coat of arms.[7][8][9][10]

Churches

The Church of Norway has two parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Åmli. It is part of the Aust-Nedenes prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark.

Churches in Åmli
Parish (sokn)Church nameLocation of the churchYear built
GjøvdalGjøvdal ChurchAskland1803
ÅmliTovdal ChurchHillestad1820
Åmli ChurchÅmli1909

History

The parish of Omlid was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). In 1876, the southwestern district of Åmli (population: 663) was separated from it to become the municipality of Mykland. This left Åmli with 2,564 inhabitants. On 1 January 1908, Åmli was split into three municipalities: the northern area surrounding the river Gjøv (pop: 590) became the municipality of Gjevedal, the southwestern area surrounding the Tovdalselva river (pop: 389) became Lille Topdal, and the remainder of the old municipality (population: 2,024) continued as Åmli municipality.[11]

During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1960, the neighboring municipality of Gjøvdal (pop: 362) was merged with Åmli to form a new, larger municipality called Åmli. The combined population was 2,309. On 1 January 1962, the Espestølsgrenda area (pop: 7) was transferred from Åmli (and Aust-Agder county) to neighboring Nissedal municipality (in Telemark county). Several uninhabited areas (the Espestøl, Reinefoss, and Espestølstykket farms) were transferred to Nissedal municipality in Telemark county on 1 January 1965. Then on 1 January 1967, the neighboring municipality of Tovdal (pop: 161) was merged back into the municipality of Åmli. Åmli then had a total of 2,211 inhabitants. On 1 January 1968, the Flateland farm (pop: 6) was transferred to the municipality of Froland.[11]

Geography

Lifjellet mountain with a frozen waterfall

Åmli is located in northern Agder county. It is bordered on the north by Fyresdal and Nissedal municipalities (in Vestfold og Telemark county), on the east by Vegårshei municipality, on the south by Froland municipality, and on the west by Bygland municipality.

The most densely populated area is around the municipal center of Åmli, which lies on the banks of the river Nidelva. The village has about 682 residents (in 2017). Side valleys which join the main valley include Gjøvdal and Tovdal. The rivers Nidelva and Tovdalselva flow through the valleys.

In the southern part of the municipality the Sørlandsbanen railway line passes through the area, stopping at the Nelaug Station. The largest villages in Åmli include Dølemo, Nelaug, Hillestad, and Askland. The rest of the population is scattered among the valleys.

The Åmli hills are wooded and typically range from 700 to 800 metres (2,300 to 2,600 ft) above sea level. At 930 metres (3,050 ft), the highest point is Trongedalsfjell, which lies between the Tovdal and Gjøvdal valleys. Several lakes are located in Åmli including Måvatn, Nasvatn, and Nelaug.

There are several protected areas, for instance, the Årdalen nature reserve, bordering on the Rukkevatn nature reserve, and the Furubuhei marsh reserve, provide approximately 43 square kilometres (17 sq mi) of nature reserves.

Climate

Situated inland in Agder, Nelaug in Åmli has a humid continental climate or temperate oceanic climate, depending on winter threshold used (0 °C (32 °F) or −3 °C (27 °F). The all-time high is 32 °C (90 °F) set 10 August 1975, a month with 8 days above 30 °C (86 °F). The warmest month on record is July 2018 with mean 20.8 °C (69.4 °F). The all-time low is −35 °C (−31 °F) recorded 10 February 1966.[12]

Climate data for Nelaug 1991-2020 (142 m)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 1.5
(34.7)
2.2
(36.0)
5.6
(42.1)
10.8
(51.4)
16.3
(61.3)
20
(68)
22.2
(72.0)
20.9
(69.6)
16.1
(61.0)
10.3
(50.5)
5.4
(41.7)
2.1
(35.8)
11.1
(52.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.6
(29.1)
−1.5
(29.3)
1.2
(34.2)
5.5
(41.9)
10.6
(51.1)
14.5
(58.1)
16.7
(62.1)
15.7
(60.3)
11.7
(53.1)
6.7
(44.1)
2.6
(36.7)
−0.9
(30.4)
6.8
(44.2)
Average low °C (°F) −4.5
(23.9)
−4.6
(23.7)
−2.8
(27.0)
0.8
(33.4)
5.1
(41.2)
9.3
(48.7)
11.7
(53.1)
11.2
(52.2)
8.1
(46.6)
3.7
(38.7)
0.1
(32.2)
−3.7
(25.3)
2.9
(37.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 148
(5.8)
92
(3.6)
83
(3.3)
68
(2.7)
83
(3.3)
92
(3.6)
95
(3.7)
134
(5.3)
136
(5.4)
161
(6.3)
164
(6.5)
138
(5.4)
1,394
(54.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 14 11 10 9 10 10 10 11 11 13 14 14 137
Source 1: Yr.no Nelaug statistics[13]
Source 2: Noaa WMO averages 91-2020 Norway [14]

Government

All municipalities in Norway are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, welfare and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council.[15] The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Agder District Court and the Agder Court of Appeal.

Municipal council

The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Åmli is made up of 17 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by political party.

Åmli kommunestyre 20202023 [16]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 5
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 1
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 9
Total number of members:17
Note: Originally, after the election, there were 2 members from Høgre and 8 members of the Senterpartiet. In 2021, one member switched parties from Høgre to the Arbeiderpartiet. In 2022, another member switched parties from Arbeiderpartiet to Senterpartiet.[17]
Åmli kommunestyre 20162019 [18]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 7
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 2
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 6
Total number of members:17
Åmli kommunestyre 20122015 [19]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 6
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet) 1
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 3
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 4
Total number of members:17
Åmli kommunestyre 20082011 [18]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 7
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet) 2
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 7
Total number of members:17
Åmli kommunestyre 20042007 [18]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 7
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet) 2
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 2
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 6
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
Total number of members:21
Åmli kommunestyre 20002003 [18]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 10
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet) 1
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 1
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 5
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
Total number of members:21
Åmli kommunestyre 19961999 [20]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 10
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 2
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 5
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
Total number of members:21
Åmli kommunestyre 19921995 [21]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 11
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 2
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 5
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
Total number of members:21
Åmli kommunestyre 19881991 [22]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 14
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 2
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
Total number of members:21
Åmli kommunestyre 19841987 [23]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 12
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet) 1
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
  Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høgre), Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti), and Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 7
Total number of members:21
Åmli kommunestyre 19801983 [24]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 12
  Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høgre), Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti), Liberal People's Party (Liberale Folkepartiet), Centre Party (Senterpartiet), and Liberal Party (Venstre) 9
Total number of members:21
Åmli kommunestyre 19761979 [25]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 8
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 3
  Joint list of the Centre Party (Senterpartiet), Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti), and New People's Party (Nye Folkepartiet) 10
Total number of members:21
Åmli kommunestyre 19721975 [26]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 13
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 4
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:21
Åmli kommunestyre 19681971 [27]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 13
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 4
  Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti) 1
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:21
Åmli kommunestyre 19641967 [28]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 14
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 1
  Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti) 1
  Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgarlege Felleslister) 5
Total number of members:21
Åmli heradsstyre 19601963 [29]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 14
  Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgarlege Felleslister) 7
Total number of members:21
Åmli heradsstyre 19561959 [30]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 13
  Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgarlege Felleslister) 4
Total number of members:17
Åmli heradsstyre 19521955 [31]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 12
  Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:16
Åmli heradsstyre 19481951 [32]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 12
  Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgarlege Felleslister) 4
Total number of members:16
Åmli heradsstyre 19451947 [33]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 11
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 1
  Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgarlege Felleslister) 4
Total number of members:16
Åmli heradsstyre 19381941* [34]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 11
  Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 1
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 4
Total number of members:16
Note: Due to the German occupation of Norway during World War II, no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945.

Mayors

The mayors (Norwegian: ordfører) of Åmli:[35]

  • 1838-1838: Terje Gunstensen Gjeveland
  • 1839-1853: Iver Anton Rummelhoff
  • 1854-1855: Eivind Salvesen Mjaaland
  • 1856-1857: Petter Øi
  • 1858-1859: Ole Knutsen Tvedt
  • 1860-1861: Ommund Syvertsen Mykland
  • 1862-1863: Even P. Askeland
  • 1864-1866: Ommund Syvertsen Mykland
  • 1867-1868: Nære O. Ramse
  • 1869-1871: Ole Knutsen Tvedt
  • 1872-1877: Peder Samuel Beylegaard
  • 1878-1879: Gunstein P. Tviland
  • 1880-1881: Ommund Omland
  • 1882-1890: Engvald Hansen
  • 1891-1892: Ommund Omland
  • 1893-1894: Kjetil Øi
  • 1895-1897: Ommund Omland
  • 1898-1901: Elling Øi
  • 1902-1910: Aslak Kateraas (V)
  • 1911-1919: Elling Øi
  • 1920-1925: Aslak Kateraas (V)
  • 1926-1928: Peder Jensen
  • 1929-1934: Jørgen Tønnesen
  • 1935-1940: Olav Nylund
  • 1941-1941: Jørgen Tønnesen (NS)
  • 1942-1945: Tallak Dale (NS)
  • 1945-1947: Gunnar Bakken
  • 1947-1964: Jens Seljås
  • 1965-1971: Gjeruld Homdal
  • 1971-1971: Gunnar Skogby
  • 1972-1975: John S. Eppeland
  • 1975-1979: Karl Johan Tveiten (KrF)
  • 1979-1983: Gunnar Halvorsen (Ap)
  • 1983-1991: Sverre Johan Kløvfjell (Ap)
  • 1991-1995: Tellef Harstveit (Ap)
  • 1995-1999: Sverre Johan Kløvfjell (Ap)
  • 1999-2003: Tellef Harstveit (Ap)
  • 2003-2011: Tellef Olstad (Sp)
  • 2011-2019: Reidar Saga (Ap)
  • 2019-present: Bjørn Gunnar Baas (Sp)

Economy

Lumbering in Åmli provides for about 12% of the old Aust-Agder county's total timber production making it the third most import source of timber in Aust-Adger (after Froland and Birkenes). Agriculture, including sheep husbandry, provides a minor contribution to the economy.

Electrical power is generated by a hydroelectric plant at Flatefoss, which regulates the level of the lake, Nelaug.

The newspaper Åmliavisa has been published in Åmli since 2008.

Transportation

The main road through Åmli is the north–south Norwegian National Road 41. Other roads include Norwegian County Road 412, Norwegian County Road 413, and Norwegian County Road 415. There are also two railway lines running through southern Åmli: the main Sørlandsbanen railway line which stops at Nelaug Station and the branch line Arendalsbanen which terminates at Nelaug Station, but also stops at Flaten Station.

Notable people

  • Engvald Bakkan (1897 in Åmli – 1982), a Norwegian pharmacist, novelist, and children's writer
  • Olav Kjetilson Nylund (1903 in Åmli – 1957), a Norwegian politician who was Mayor of Åmli from 1934-1940
  • Gunnar Halvorsen (1945–2006), a Norwegian politician who was Mayor of Åmli from 1979–1983
  • Jonas Alaska (born 1988), a musician

References

  1. "Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.
  2. "Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.
  3. Thorsnæs, Geir, ed. (5 April 2016). "Åmli". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  4. Statistisk sentralbyrå. "Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)" (in Norwegian).
  5. Statistisk sentralbyrå. "09280: Area of land and fresh water (km²) (M)" (in Norwegian).
  6. Rygh, Oluf (1905). Norske gaardnavne: Nedenes amt (in Norwegian) (8 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. p. 52.
  7. "Civic heraldry of Norway - Norske Kommunevåpen". Heraldry of the World. 24 July 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  8. "Amli, Aust-Agder (Norway)". Flags of the World. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  9. "Godkjenning av våpen og flagg". Lovdata.no (in Norwegian). Norges kommunal- og arbeidsdepartementet. 23 October 1987. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  10. "Kommunevåpenet". Åmli kommune (in Norwegian). 18 June 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  11. Jukvam, Dag (1999). Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå. ISBN 9788253746845.
  12. "I dag er det 50 ar siden det ble satt kulderekord for Februari". Twitter.com. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  13. "Weather statistics for Nelaug". Yr.no. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  14. "NOAA WMO normals Norway 1991-2020".
  15. Hansen, Tore; Vabo, Signy Irene, eds. (20 September 2022). "kommunestyre". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  16. "Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2019 - Agder". Valg Direktoratet. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  17. "Kommunestyret". Åmli kommune (in Norwegian). Retrieved 21 January 2023.
  18. "Table: 04813: Members of the local councils, by party/electoral list at the Municipal Council election (M)" (in Norwegian). Statistics Norway.
  19. "Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2011 - Aust-Agder". Valg Direktoratet. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  20. "Kommunestyrevalget 1995" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1996. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  21. "Kommunestyrevalget 1991" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1993. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  22. "Kommunestyrevalget 1987" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1988. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  23. "Kommunestyrevalget 1983" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1984. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  24. "Kommunestyrevalget 1979" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1979. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  25. "Kommunevalgene 1975" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1977. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  26. "Kommunevalgene 1972" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1973. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  27. "Kommunevalgene 1967" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1967. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  28. "Kommunevalgene 1963" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1964. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  29. "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  30. "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1957. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  31. "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1952. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  32. "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1948. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  33. "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1947. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  34. "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  35. "Korleis Åmli har vore og er styrt". Litt om Åmli før og nå (PDF) (in Norwegian Nynorsk). Kuben Arendal. pp. 13–16.

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