Coleman v. Schwarzenegger

On September 13, 1995, the court issued a permanent injunction and ordered that a special master be appointed to monitor compliance with the court-ordered injunctive relief. The special master submitted 16 interim reports, with later reports "reflect[ing] a troubling reversal in the progress of the remedial efforts of the preceding decade".[1]

In 2006, the plaintiffs in the Coleman case and Plata v. Schwarzenegger filed motions to convene a three-judge court to limit the prison population.[1] 18 U.S.C. § 3626, a statute created by the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act and further amended by the Prison Litigation Reform Act, sets forth remedies with respect to prison conditions. On October 4, 2006 the Governor Schwarzenegger issued Proclamation 4278, declaring a state of emergency. During the pending motions, the Little Hoover Commission released its report titled "Solving California's Corrections Crisis: Time Is Running Out" and the CDCR Expert Panel on Adult Offender Recidivism Reduction Programming released its report, both advocating a reduction in prison overcrowding.[1] On July 23, 2007 both the Plata and Coleman courts granted the plaintiff's motions and recommended that the cases be assigned to the same three-judge court.[1] The Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit agreed and, on July 26, 2007, convened the instant three-judge district court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2284.[1]

On August 4, 2009 the three-judge court ordered that the defendants submit a plan within 45 days detailing "a population reduction plan that will in no more than two years reduce the population of the CDCR's adult institutions to 137.5% of their combined design capacity."[1] The plan would require California to cut 40,000 inmates out of its prison population of 150,000 when the verdict was issued. In an order described by The New York Times as "scathing", the panel indicated that the state had failed to follow through on previous orders to improve conditions and that the cuts were needed to deal with overcrowding and poor health care that was causing an unnecessary death each week on average. The panel recommended achieving the cuts by reducing imprisonment of nonviolent offenders and technical parole violators.[2]

The state submitted a plan on September 18, 2009 but it the plan failed to meet requirements set by the release order.[3] On October 21, 2009 the court rejected the plan,[4] and gave the government until November 12 to submit a corrected plan[5] or it would order the attorneys for the plaintiffs to submit a plan and order it implemented.[6] The state submitted a revised plan on November 12, 2009, and the plan was accepted and entered as an order of the court on January 12, 2010.[7]

California appealed the order to the Supreme Court on January 19, 2010,[8] and certiorari was granted on June 14, 2010.[9] It was argued on November 30, 2010.[10] In a bare majority opinion by Justice Anthony Kennedy issued in 2011, the Court affirmed the order. in Brown v. Plata, 131 S. Ct. 1910 (2011).