East Indies Station

The East Indies Station was a formation and command of the British Royal Navy. Created in 1744 by the Admiralty, it was under the command of the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies.[1]

For the military post, see Commander-in-Chief, India.

East Indies Station
HMS Swiftsure at gunnery practice on the East Indies Station in the summer of 1913
Active1744–1958
Country United Kingdom
Branch Royal Navy
TypeFleet
Part ofAdmiralty
Garrison/HQTrincomalee

Even in official documents, the term East Indies Station was often used. In 1941 the ships of the China Squadron and East Indies Squadron were merged to form the Eastern Fleet under the control of the Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Fleet.[2] The China Station then ceased as a separate command. The East Indies Station was disbanded in 1958.

It encompassed Royal Navy Dockyards and bases in East Africa, Middle East, India and Ceylon, and other ships not attached to other fleets. For many years under rear admirals, from the 1930s the Commander-in-Chief was often an Admiral or a Vice-Admiral.

History
Navy House, Trincomalee, residence of the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station, from 1811 to 1942

The East Indies Station was established as a Royal Navy command in 1744. From 1831 to 1865, the East Indies and the China Station were a single command known as the East Indies and China Station.[3] The East Indies Station, established in 1865, was responsible for British naval operations in the Indian Ocean (excluding the waters around the Dutch East Indies, South Africa and Australia) and included the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea.[4] From 1913 the station was renamed the Egypt and East Indies Station until 1918.[5][6]

Anti-slavery activities in East Africa

During the 1850s and 1860s the Royal Navy fought to suppress the slave trade operating out of Zanzibar up to the North Coast of the Arabian Sea.[7] An East African Squadron, which was part of the East Indies Station, was active in suppressing slavery in 1869.[8] The mission of Sir Bartle Frere in 1869 "produced... a recommendation that a guardship be permanently stationed off the Zanzibar coast."[9] Britain's real intentions in East Africa was to stop other European naval powers from establishing any similar bases in the region, and the station's purpose was to protect British trade interests passing through the Western Indian Ocean.[10] Rawley writes that Captain George Sulivan and his successor directed the activities of the old ship-of-the-line HMS London (1840), reequipped as both prison and hospital, with some success. London served as a base for cruisers operating against the slaving dhows, for four years.[11]

By 1873, London was a hulk, serving as a depot ship in Zanzibar Bay, off the east coast of Africa. In March 1878 she was recommissioned, and involved in the suppression of the slave trade in the area, serving as a central depot for many smaller steam screw boats; she functioned as a repair depot, a hospital and a storage ship. At this time there were Africans from West Africa (Kroomen or Krumen) and East Africa (Seedies or Sidis) serving on board. There were also Zanzibari and Arab interpreters and cooks from Portuguese Goa (India). London was sold and broken up in 1884.[12]

The East Indies Station had bases at Colombo, Trincomalee, Bombay, Basra and Aden.[13]

Second World War

In early May 1941, the Commander-in-Chief directed forces to support the pursuit of Pinguin, the German raider that eventually sank after the action of 8 May 1941 against HMS Cornwall.[14]

On 7 December 1941, cruisers on the station included the heavy cruisers HMS Cornwall, Dorsetshire, and Exeter; the light cruisers Glasgow, Danae, Dauntless, Durban, Emerald and Enterprise (some sources also place the heavy cruiser Hawkins as being on station on that date, while others report her being under refit and repair in the UK between early November 1941 & May 1942), and six armed merchant cruisers. Also assigned to the station was 814 Naval Air Squadron at China Bay, Ceylon, which unit was at that time equipped with Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers.[15][16]

In response to increased Japanese threats, the separate East Indies Station was merged with the China Station in December 1941, to form the Eastern Fleet.[17] Later the Eastern Fleet became the East Indies Fleet. In 1952, after the Second World War ended, the East Indies Fleet became the Far East Fleet.[18]

Meanwhile, a separate Commander-in-Chief for the East Indies was reappointed. During the 1950s, the task for Royal Navy vessels in the East Indies "..was to deliver fighting power in support of British foreign policy, be that in major warfighting (Korea) or low intensity operations such as counterinsurgency (Malaya), and to offer a British military presence in support of national policy."[19] But disagreement over Suez meant that the Ceylonese Government did not wish to let British naval forces use their bases in an emergency, and this policy was reaffirmed by the new government installed after the 1956 Ceylonese parliamentary election.[20] The Navy Yard, and Admiralty House were handed over on 15 October 1957, the flag was lowered over the shore establishment HMS Highflyer, and the next day, 16 October 1957, the last flagship, HMS Ceylon, left Trincomalee. The station was temporarily relocated to Bahrain. The Senior Naval Officer, Persian Gulf was to become an independent commander with the title Commodore, Arabian Seas and Persian Gulf. "At nine o'clock on the morning of 7 September 1958, 'the flag of the one-hundredth Commander in Chief of the East Indies Station, Vice Admiral Sir Hilary Biggs, was hauled down over HMS Jufair,'" the Royal Navy base in Bahrain.[21]

Subordinate Commands

Flag Officer, East Africa

Originally established by the Royal Navy as East Coast of Africa Station (1862–1919) was administered by the Flag Officer, East Africa. This officer was subordinate to the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station, then later came under the Eastern Fleet from 1862, from April 1942 to September 1943, and then the command's name changed back to the East Indies station.

RankFlagNameTermNotes/Ref
Flag Officer, East Africa
1Rear-AdmiralCharles G. StuartSeptember, 1943 – 11 January 1944.[22]
4Rear-AdmiralRichard Shelly Benyon11 January 1944 - November 1944[23]
5CommodoreSir Philip BowyerNovember 1944 - 1945

Royal Indian Navy

The Royal Indian Navy (RIN) was the naval force of British India and the Dominion of India from 1 May 1830 to 26 January 1950. It came under the East Indies Station at the outbreak of the Second World War on 3 September 1939.[24] In December 1941 it came under the command of the new Eastern Fleet.

Vice-Admiral Sir Herbert Fitzherbert was the Flag Officer Commanding, Royal Indian Navy, from September 1939 to December 1941.[25]

Red Sea

The Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea, was responsible to the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies, and during the Second World War for a period flew his flag afloat in HMS Egret.

At the beginning of the war Rear Admiral A.J.L. Murray was Senior Officer, Red Sea Force.[26]

On 21 October 1941 the title was changed to Flag Officer, Red Sea, and that officer was resubordinated to the Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean Fleet, until 17 May 1942.[27] On 18 May 1942 the title was changed again to Flag Officer, Commanding Red Sea and Canal Area, and transferred again to the Eastern Fleet.

Persian Gulf

The Royal Navy's presence in the Persian Gulf was originally located at Basidu, Qishm Island, in Persia (c. 1850–1935), then later Juffair, Bahrain. It was commanded by the Senior Naval Officer, Persian Gulf. It included a naval base, depot and naval forces known as the Persian Gulf Patrol, then the Persian Gulf Squadron later called the Persian Gulf Division. It was a sub-command of the East Indies Station until 1958 when it was merged with the Red Sea Station under the new appointment of Commodore, Arabian Seas and Persian Gulf.[28]

#LocationIn commandDatesNotes
1AdenNaval Officer-in-Charge, Aden1839 to 1917, 1921 to 1943, 1945naval base/shore establishment
2Addu AtollNaval Officer in Charge, Addu Atoll1942 to 1945fleet base [29]
3CalcuttaNaval Officer in Charge, Calcutta1939 to 1945during WW2 only normally under FOCOMM, Royal Indian Navy
4ColomboGeneral Staff Officer, Colombo1938 to 1939
5Diego SuarezNaval Officer in Charge, Diego Suarez1935 to 1945fleet base [30]
6Kilidini, MombasaSenior British Naval Officer, Kilindini1935 to 1945shore establishment
7Port LouisNaval Officer-in-Charge, Port Louis18shore establishment
8Port SudanNaval Officer-in-Charge, Port Sudan1935 to 1945
9SeychellesNaval Officer-in-Charge, Seychelles1915 to 1945fleet base [30]
10TanganyikaNaval Officer-in-Charge, Tanganyika1915 to 1945
11TrincomaleeCaptain-in-Charge, Ceylon1915 to 1945
12ZanzibarNaval Officer-in-Charge, Zanzibar1915 to 1945

Subordinate naval formations
Naval UnitsBased atDateNotes
4th Cruiser SquadronColombo/Trincomalee, CeylonAugust to December, 1916
4th Light Cruiser SquadronColombo/Trincomalee, CeylonNovember 1918 to April 1919
Arabian Bengal Ceylon Escort Force (ABCEF )Aden, Colony of Aden1941 to 1942Under the Eastern Fleet command from April 1942 to November 1943.[31]
East Indies and Egypt Seaplane SquadronPort Said, Egypt1916 to 1918Royal Navy's first carrier squadron
Red Sea DivisionPort Tawfik, EgyptAugust 1914 to November 1918
Red Sea ForcePort Tawfik, EgyptApril 1940 to 1944Naval base HQ Red Sea Force [31]
Persian Gulf DivisionBasidu, Persia,(1818-1935), Ras Al-Jufair, Bahrain1885 to 1958
Persian Gulf SquadronBasidu, Persia/ Ras Al-Jufair, Bahrain1818 to- 1885

Shore establishments
#Unit nameLocationDatesNotes
1Admiralty HouseTrincomalee, Ceylon1813 to 1958Official residence of the Commander-in-Chief
2HM Naval Dockyard, TrincomaleeTrincomalee, Ceylon1813 to 1939, 1945-1958Headquarters East Indies Station - HMS Highflyer
3HMS Gloucester IIHM Naval Office, Colombo, Ceylon1939-1945Headquarters East Indies Station [32] Also linked to Navy House, Colombo, Official residence of the Commander-in-Chief in Colombo.
4HM Naval Dockyard, MadrasMadras, India1796 to 1813Headquarters, East Indies Station [33]
5HMS AndersonColombo, Ceylon1939 to 1949Electronic listening station of the Far East Combined Bureau built on Anderson Golf Club; reverted to previous use after war.
6HM Naval Base, BasraBasra1939 to 1949Naval base
7HM Naval Dockyard, BombayBombay, India1811 to 1958naval base during WW2 known as HMS Braganza
8HM Naval Base, CalcuttaCalcutta, India1811 to 1958Naval base during WW2 known as HMS Braganza
9HMS LankaColombo, Ceylon1939 - 1958Naval base and shore station
10HMS MauritiusTombeau Bay, Mauritius1810 to 1958Telegraphic then Wireless Station [34]
11HM Naval Base, Port Jackson [35]Port Jackson, New South Wales1785 to 1865Naval base transferred to China Station
12Port LouisPort Louis, Mauritius1810 to 1968Naval base
13HM Naval Base, Port TawfikPort Tawfik, Red Sea, EgyptAugust 1914 to 1944Naval base HQ Red Sea, Patrol/Division/Force
14HMS ShebaSteamer Point (now Tawahi) in AdenExampleNaval and shore base till 1958
15RNAS China BayTrincomalee, Ceylon1938 to 1945Air Station HMS Bambara
16RNAS Colombo RacecoursePrince of Wales Island, George Town, Penang1943 to 1945Naval air station - HMS Bherunda
17RNAS KatukurundaKatukurunda, Ceylon1938 to 1945Naval air station - HMS Ukussa
18RNAS Mackinnon RoadMackinnon Road, Kenya, East Africa1942 to 1944Naval air station - HMS Tana then HMS Kipanga II[36]
19RNAS PuttalamPuttalam Ceylon1942 to 1944Naval air station - HMS Rajaliya[37]
20RNAS Port ReitzPort Reitz, Mombasa, Kenya1942 to 1944Naval air station, Aircraft Repair Yard, Reserve aircraft storage - HMS Tana then HMS Kipanga II HQ of Commdre-in-Charge, NAS, (Eastern Stations.).
21RNAS TangaTanga, Tanzania1942 to 1944Naval air station - HMS Kilele [38]

Commanders

NoN = died in post

Commander-in-Chief, East Indies

Prior to 1862 flag officers were appointed to coloured squadrons. Command flags are shown below. See: Royal Navy ranks, rates, and uniforms of the 18th and 19th centuries.

Post holders included:[39][40]

RankEnsignNameTermRef
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station
CommodoreCurtis Barnett NoN1744–1746[41]
CommodoreThomas Griffin1746–1748[42][lower-alpha 1]
Rear-AdmiralEdward Boscawen1748–1750[43][44]
CommodoreWilliam Lisle1750–1752[45]
CommodoreJoseph Knight1752–1754[46]
Rear-AdmiralCharles Watson NoN1754–1757[47][48][lower-alpha 2]
Vice-AdmiralGeorge Pocock1757–1759[49][lower-alpha 3]
CommodoreCharles Steevens NoN1760–1761[50][lower-alpha 4]
Rear-AdmiralSamuel Cornish1761–1763[51][52][lower-alpha 5]
CommodoreJohn Tinker1763–1765[53]
CaptainJohn Byron1765–1766[54][53][lower-alpha 6]
CaptainPhilip Affleck1766–1767[53]
CommodoreJohn (later Sir John) Lindsay1769–1772[55]
Rear-AdmiralSir Robert Harland, 1st Baronet1771–1775[56][57]
CommodoreEdward Hughes1773–1777[58]
CommodoreSir Edward Vernon1776–1780[59][lower-alpha 7]
Rear-AdmiralSir Edward Hughes1780–1784[58][lower-alpha 8]
Vice-AdmiralSir Hyde Parker, 5th Baronet NoN1782[60][61][lower-alpha 9]
CommodoreAndrew Mitchell1784–1785[62]
CommodoreCharles Hughes1785–1787[63]
CommodoreWilliam Cornwallis1788–1794[64]
CommodorePeter Rainier1794–1805[65]
Vice-AdmiralSir George Keith Elphinstone1795[66][67][lower-alpha 10]
Rear-AdmiralSir Edward Pellew, 1st Baronet1804–1809[68][69][lower-alpha 11]
Rear-AdmiralSir Thomas Troubridge, 1st Baronet NoN1805–1807[70][71][lower-alpha 12]
Rear-AdmiralWilliam O'Bryen Drury NoN1809–1811[72]
Vice-AdmiralSir Samuel Hood, 1st Baronet NoN1811–1814[73][lower-alpha 13]
CommodoreGeorge Sayer1814[74]
Rear-AdmiralSir George Burlton NoN1815
Rear-AdmiralSir Richard King, 2nd Baronet1816–1820[75][lower-alpha 14]
Rear-AdmiralSir Henry Blackwood, 1st Baronet1820–1822[76][lower-alpha 15]
CommodoreCharles Grant NoN1822–1824
CommodoreSir James Brisbane NoN1825–1826[77]
Rear-AdmiralJoseph Bingham NoN1825[78][lower-alpha 16]
Rear-AdmiralWilliam Hall Gage1825–1829[79]
Rear-AdmiralEdward Owen1829–1832[80]

C-in-C, East Indies and China Station
Main article: East Indies and China Station

Note: for the period 1832–1865.

C-in-C, East Indies & Cape of Good Hope Station

Post holders included:[81]

RankFlagNameTerm
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies & Cape of Good Hope Station
CommodoreFrederick Montresor(1865) [3]
CommodoreCharles Hillyar(1865–1867) [3]

C-in-C, East Indies Station

[3][82][83]

RankFlagNameTerm
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station
Rear-AdmiralLeopold Heath(1867–1870)
Rear-AdmiralJames Cockburn NoN(1870–1872)
Rear-AdmiralArthur Cumming(1872–1875)
Rear-AdmiralReginald Macdonald(1875–1877)
Rear-AdmiralJohn Corbett(1877–1879)
Rear-AdmiralWilliam Gore Jones(1879–1882)
Rear-AdmiralWilliam Hewett(1882–1885)
Rear-AdmiralFrederick Richards(1885–1888)
Rear-AdmiralEdmund Fremantle(1888–1891)
Rear-AdmiralFrederick Robinson(1891–1892)
Rear-AdmiralWilliam Kennedy(1892–1895)
Rear-AdmiralEdmund Drummond(1895–1898)
Rear-AdmiralArchibald Douglas(1898–1899)
Rear-AdmiralDay Bosanquet(1899–1902)
Rear-AdmiralCharles Drury(1902–1903)[84]
Rear-AdmiralGeorge Atkinson-Willes(1903–1905)
Rear-AdmiralEdmund Poë(1905–1907)
Rear-AdmiralSir George Warrender(1907–1909)
Rear-AdmiralEdmond Slade(1909–1912)
Rear-AdmiralAlexander Bethell(1912-1913)

C-in-C, East Indies and Egypt Station

Note:The post was sometimes styled as Senior Naval Officer, Egypt, and Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station.[85]

RankFlagNameTerm
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies and Egypt Station
Rear-AdmiralSir Richard Peirse(1913–1915) [86]
Rear-AdmiralRosslyn Wemyss(1916–1917) [87]

C-in-C, East Indies Station
RankFlagNameTerm
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station
Rear-AdmiralErnest Gaunt(1917–1919)
Rear-AdmiralHugh Tothill(1919–1921)
Rear-AdmiralLewis Clinton-Baker(1921–1923)
Rear-AdmiralHerbert Richmond(1923–1925)
Rear-AdmiralWalter Ellerton(1925–1927)
Rear-AdmiralBertram Thesiger(1927–1929)
Rear-AdmiralEric Fullerton(1929–1932)
Rear-AdmiralMartin Dunbar-Nasmith(1932–1934)
Vice-AdmiralFrank Rose(1934–1936)
Vice-AdmiralAlexander Ramsay(1936–1938)
Vice-AdmiralJames Somerville(1938–1939)
AdmiralSir Ralph Leatham(1939–1941)
Vice-AdmiralGeoffrey Arbuthnot(1941–1942)[15]
AdmiralSir Geoffrey Layton(1942–1944)
Vice-AdmiralSir Arthur Power(1944–1945)
AdmiralSir Arthur Palliser(1946–1948)
Vice-AdmiralSir Charles Woodhouse(1948–1950)
AdmiralSir Geoffrey Oliver(1950–1952)
AdmiralSir William Slayter(1952–1954)
Vice-AdmiralSir Charles Norris(1954–1956)
Vice-AdmiralSir Hilary Biggs(1956–1958)

Chief of Staff 1939-41

Included:[88]

RankFlagNameTerm
Chief of Staff, East Indies Station/Eastern Fleet
CaptainFrederick Rodney Garside3 January 1939 - June 1941 [89]
Rear-AdmiralArthur F. E. PalliserJune - December 1941

Note: Under East Indies Station briefly when the Eastern Fleet its established Rear-Admiral Palliser becomes COS to C-in-C, Eastern Fleet.

See also

Notes
  1. Thomas Griffin promoted later Rear- then Vice-Admiral
  2. Charles Watson promoted later to Vice-Admiral
  3. George Pocock appointed Vice-Admiral of the White, February 1757, Ref:Harrison. Simon, (2010-2018)
  4. Charles Steevens promoted later to Rear-Admiral
  5. Samuel Cornish promoted later to Vice-Admiral
  6. Byron's appointment was initially a subterfuge, designed to provide apparent legitimacy for a voyage along the coast of Spanish South America and around the Cape of Good Hope. Byron's true mission was to establish a British naval presence on an uninhabited island off Spanish South America, which he achieved via landings on the Falkland Islands in December 1764.[54]
  7. Edward Vernon promoted later to Rear-Admiral
  8. Edward Hughes, second term as Commander-in-Chief
  9. Hyde Parker appointed 1782 but lost at sea on his way out
  10. Elphinstone went to capture the Dutch East Indies in 1795 but Rainier had already done it
  11. Pellew was later promoted to Rear-Admiral of the Red, 9 November 1805
  12. Troughbridge served jointly with Edward Pellew
  13. Samuel Hood appointed Vice-Admiral of the White, 4 June 1814, Harrison, 2010-2018
  14. Richard King appointed Rear-Admiral of the White, 4 June 1814 ref: Harrison, Simon (2010-2018)
  15. Henry Blackwood appointed Rear-Admiral of the Blue, July 1819 ref: Harrison, Simon (2010-2018)
  16. Joseph Bingham appointed 1825 but died before taking up post

References
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  3. William Loney RN
  4. Royal Navy foreign stations
  5. Sheffy, Yigal (2014). British Military Intelligence in the Palestine Campaign, 1914-1918. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 9781135245702.
  6. Parkinson, Jonathan (2018). The Royal Navy, China Station: 1864 - 1941: As seen through the lives of the Commanders in Chief. Leicester, England: Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 312. ISBN 9781788035217.
  7. Howell, Raymond (1987). The Royal Navy and the slave trade. London: Croom Helm. p. 119. ISBN 9780709947707.
  8. Society, the Church Missionary. The slave trade of East Africa. Retrieved 4 July 2018. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
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Further reading
  • Peter A. Ward, British Naval Power in the East, 1794-1805: The Command of Admiral Peter Rainier, Boydell Press
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