Anolis cristatellus

As of 2020 there are two subspecies recognised:

• Anolis cristatellus cristatellus A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1837 – Puerto Rico, including some off-shore islands; introduced elsewhere.
• Anolis cristatellus wileyae Grant, 1931 – Culebra and Vieques islands east of Puerto Rico and the U.S. and British Virgin Islands.

In 1975 the authors Schwartz and Richard Thomas reported A. cristatellus cristatellus to be the subspecies present on many of the islands east of Puerto Rico. This was corrected by Heatwole in 1976 who classified these populations as A. cristatellus wileyae.[9] "Hybrids" between the two subspecies were first found on the main island of Puerto Rico and Isleta Marina in the late 1970s and reported by Heatwole et al. in 1981[9] (this islet is now covered in giant apartment buildings), but by 1988 it appeared that many of the populations occurring on the islands in between the two taxa were intermediate between the two taxa. Schwartz and Henderson recorded such intermediate populations on the islands of Cayo Icacos, Cayo la Llave, Cayo Palominitos (offshore of Isla Palominos) and Isla Pineros. A larger island in this area, Culebra, may also have somewhat intermediate specimens.[3]

The syntypes for the nominate form, MNHN2353 and MNHN2447, are housed at the Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle.[3] It was stated by Duméril and Bibron in 1837 to have been sent from Martinique,[4] but the species does not occur on this island.[2][3] The Reptile Database, however, records a holotype, MCZ8306 (also catalogued as MCZ2171), being kept at the Museum of Comparative Zoology.[2]

The subspecies wileyae has a holotype, UMMZ73648, kept at the University of Michigan Museum of Natural History along with a number of paratypes; although according to Schwartz and Henderson in 1991 the holotype is MCZ34792.[2]

Many other anoles also have a crest on their tails, but this is one of the few species in which it is always erect, and where the tail is compressed. The pattern of the scales are also diagnostic, as shown by Schwartz and Henderson in 1991.[5]

The nominate subspecies is native to and found throughout Puerto Rico, including some smaller and associated off-shore islands.[2][3][16] It does not occur on Isla Mona,[2] nor is it found at the highest elevations.[3]

In Puerto Rico it can be seen with regularity in the cities of San Juan, Mayagüez, Ponce and Arecibo,[17] as well as in nature parks.[3][10][12][18] It is found on the associated off-shore islands of Caja de Muertos,[3][9] Cayo Algodones,[9] Cayo Batata,[3][9] Cayo Ratones (?, near Jobos),[2] Cayo Santiago, Isla Cardona,[3][9] Isla de Cabras,[2] Isla de Ramos, Isla Magueyes, Long Island (?), Morrillito[9] and Punta Salinas Beach.[2]

Schwartz (1988) and Heatwole (1981) disagree regarding on how the population on Isleta Marina should be classified.[3][9] Note there is some confusion with Marina Cay in the British Virgin Islands.

In 1939 Hobart Muir Smith described Anolis cozumelae as a likely endemic from the island of Cozumel off the eastern coast of the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico, from a single specimen collected by Charles Frederick Millspaugh in 1899, which had been sitting in a flask of preservative in the Field Museum of Natural History until examined by Smith.[15] This taxon was later seen as a synonym of A. cristatellus cristatellus which was then believed to be introduced to the island. However, as of 2017 Mexican herpetologists think all this is spurious, as the species does not occur in the Yucatán. It has also erroneously been ascribed as occurring in Brazil and Martinique.[2]

It has been introduced to Costa Rica, Trinidad,[2] eastern Hispaniola[16] (in the Dominican Republic[2] since the 1910s)[5] and southern Florida.[2][5][16] It has most recently been introduced somehow to the Dutch part of the island of Sint Maarten,[5][11] where it was first reported in 2009 as introduced in 2008 and is only found on the tiny Little Key islet in Simpson Bay Lagoon. Many of these introduced populations are still spreading, although it is not considered invasive anywhere.[5]

The population in Costa Rica was introduced by at least 1970, and was still in the process of expanding as of 2011; it is found on the eastern Caribbean coast, from as far south as Bribri near the Panamanian border, west to Siquirres, and north to Turrialba.[13][19] It is known from a number of localities in Limón Province and one in Cartago Province.[5]

In southern Florida it has been documented west up to the Tampa Bay area[2] and occurs on Key Biscayne, Dade County and in Miami.[3][5] It was introduced sometime in the 1970s.[5]

It was first reported on the island of Dominica in 2003, thought to have been introduced around 2000,[5] or between 1997 and 2002, and as of 2007 has established itself throughout the environs of the main city of Roseau. It is believed to have entered the island via imported goods, as its sites of original invasion are adjacent to a cargo airport and a sea port.[20]

This subspecies is found on islands off the eastern coast of Puerto Rico, such as Culebra, Culebrita and Vieques, and also on the U.S. and British Virgin Islands.[2][5][16] It is widespread on the British Virgin Islands and present on all the major islands and most cays,[5] including Anegada,[2][11] Beef Island, Fallen Jerusalem Island, Frenchman's Cay,[11] Great Dog Island,[9][11] Guana Island, Jost van Dyke, Little Thatch, Necker Island, Norman Island[11] Peter Island,[2][11] Prickly Pear Island, Tortola, Virgin Gorda[11] and West Dog Island.[9][11] In the U.S. Virgin Islands it occurs on Flanagan Island[11] and Skipper Jacob Rock.[2] This form is not spreading throughout the Caribbean like the other subspecies.[5]

One might question how such a lizard could be present on such a vast number of otherwise small and isolated islets, however, the modern distribution likely does not reflect an exceptional colonising ability of this species to sally forth over marine distances, or that Arawak peoples somehow spread these creatures over the various cays. Instead, what is now a collection of islands was previously connected, only eight to ten millennia ago, in a much larger island stretching from Puerto Rico to Anegada, and since the Eemian era remained such a large island throughout the last ice age. This is an example of vicariant distribution as opposed to overwater dispersal; the modern distribution consists of relict populations reflecting the former geography.[9][21][22]

This anole is found in almost all habitats throughout Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, from open fields to rainforest, except some of the high altitude elfin forests in the mountainous regions of Puerto Rico.[3][5][10] The species is found from sea level upwards, decreasing in abundance at higher elevations, with the animals having been found at maximum altitudes of 2,800 ft (850 m) in the Reserva Forestal de Maricao as of 1988,[3] and later 980 m (3,220 ft) in the Los Tres Picachos State Forest (2000).[10]

The introduced population in Costa Rica appears to prefer urban habitats, being mostly found on tree trunks or buildings in towns or cities, and rarely in more rural areas or in forests,[13][19] and population on Dominica appears to have similar preferences.[20] In general, introduced populations appear to strongly prefer, or be restricted to, urban and other disturbed areas.[5] Anoles of this species found in the urban habitats of the cities of Puerto Rico are found to have lost and regrown their tails more often than those of the natural forests, this may be due to a higher density of urban predators such as house cats, or less places to escape predators, or might indicate urban predators are less accomplished at actually catching their prey.[17] In some parks, such as Los Tres Picachos State Forest, it may be less common than species such as A. cuvieri, A. evermanni, A. gundlachi and A. stratulus.[10]

These lizards are "ground-trunk anoles", which is an "Anolis ecomorph",[2][12] and means that they spend the majority of their time on the bottom two meters of tree trunks, but will go to the ground to forage and also to lay eggs.[16]

It is oviparous (egg-laying).[2] The lizards shed their skin as they grow, and eat their old skins when they do so, perhaps to conserve the nutrients. Compared to some other species of anoles, this species is not so vocal, although it can make some chirping sounds.[12] As a defence against predators, they can autotomize (break off) their tails, and later grow a new replacement tail which gets longer each time they shed their skin. These new tails do not have the bony vertebrae of the original, and instead only have a rod of cartilage. This growth of cartilage does not have the ability to autotomise, so in order to do the same trick again, an individual lizard must lose more and more of its tail vertebrae. Because the regrown tails of urban lizards contain on average a similar amount of vertebrae as those of the forests, this indicates that individual lizards lose their tail just as often in either habitat.[17]

When looking for a mate or defending its territory, the males of many anole species may display their dewlap and perform "push-ups" to establish dominance. Males of many species may aggressively defend territories when mating, but only rarely does this result in physical combat. Like many anole species, this lizard can change colour from dark brown to tan -this is in response to emotions, rather than a method of camouflaging itself such as true chameleons.[12]

In Puerto Rico this species has been photographed trying to gobble up quite large prey, such as the blindsnake Typhlops hypomethes, as well as other anoles, such as a juvenile A. krugi.[12]

In some regions, such as El Yunque National Forest, A. cristatellus occurs together with up to seven other species of anole[18] which are able to occur sympatrically with it because each species occupies a different ecological niche.[12] In the Los Tres Picachos State Forest it occurs together with A. cuvieri, A. evermanni, A. gundlachi, A. krugi, A. occultus, A. pulchellus and A. stratulus.[10] Besides A. pulchellus, these other seven anoles often occur together throughout Puerto Rico. It occurs together with A. cooki in Guánica State Forest, although it competes ecologically with this rare species.[12]

Henderson and Robert Powell (2009) record that this species may be eaten by another anole, A. cuvieri, as well as the non-native mongoose, Herpestes javanicus and the bird Margarops fuscatus, a thrasher. In a 2008 study of the reptilian components of the diets of Caribbean birds, Powell and Henderson record the birds of prey Buteo jamaicensis and Falco sparverius feeding on this anole. Rios-Lopez et al. recorded in 2015 that the Puerto Rican endemic bird Todus mexicanus, a species of tody known locally as San Pedrito, eats this lizard.[5]

As parasites Goldberg et al. (1998) recorded the digenea flatworm Mesocoelium monas and the tapeworm Oochoristica maccoyi.[5] These, and other later, researchers have also recorded the pinworm Parapharyngodon cubensis, which inhabits the large intestine.[5][23] Henderson and Powell (2009) record the Acanthocephalan worm of the Plagiorhynchidae family, Lueheia inscripta.[5] These are all larger-sized generalist parasites which can infect numerous more or less related hosts.

In its native Puerto Rico, individuals of this species may sometimes contract a type of anole malaria, Plasmodium azurophilum, a unicellular eukaryotic parasite that infects both the white and red blood cells of its victims, and which is thought to be contracted from infected mosquitoes. The disease commonly afflicts another anole species which occurs in the same forests, A. gundlachi, with usually around 30% of that species being infected as opposed to under 1% for A. cristatellus.[5][18][24]