Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union
The All-Union Congress of Soviets (Russian: Всесоюзный съезд Советов) was the formal governing body of the Soviet Union from its formation (30 December 1922) until the adoption of its second constitution.[1]
All-Union Congress of Soviets Всесоюзный съезд Советов | |
|---|---|
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Soviet Union | |
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| Type | |
| Type | |
| History | |
| Established | 28 July 1922 |
| Disbanded | 5 December 1936 |
| Preceded by | Republic-level Congresses of Soviets
|
| Succeeded by | Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union |
| Leadership | |
Chairman of the Presidium of the Congress | |
| Elections | |
| Indirect elections | |
First election | 1924 |
Last election | 1936 |
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The Congress of Soviets determined the general direction of all public bodies and elected the All-Union Central Executive Committee, a body accountable to the Congress. The Central Executive Committee held most of the powers of the Congress of Soviets whenever the Congress was not in session. Initially, the Congress of Soviets was supposed to be the "supreme organ of power," with authority rivaling that of the Central Executive Committee or the Council of People's Commissars, but increasingly infrequent sessions (anywhere between once every two years to every four years) and the political dominance of the Bolsheviks resulted in its powers flowing into the Premier and the Politburo. The power of the Congress further deteriorated with the consolidation and centralization of power under Stalin, culminating in the permanent dissolution of the Congress of Soviets.[2] Eventually, the responsibility that the CEC held towards the Congress became one of formality, and the Congress went on to serve as a rubber-stamp for policies and legislation before its dissolution by Stalin.[3]
History
Prior to the creation of the All-Union Congress of Soviets in 1922, the individual republics had grown closer towards each other and various republics had signed multiple treaties and well on their way to combining their strength. By the early 1920s, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the Ukrainian, Byelorussian, and Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republics had taken steps to combine their economic and military strength, which led to a closer political relationship.[4] When the All-Union Congress was formed, the republics that comprised the new Union were the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic (R.S.F.S.R), the Ukrainian and Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republics, and the Transcaucasian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic, which was formed by Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia.[3] During its tenure, more Soviet republics joined the Congress of Soviets. The Uzbek and Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republics were admitted in 1924, followed by the Tadzhik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which became a Union Republic in 1929.[4]
Election
The Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union was composed of representatives from the councils of all the Soviet republics on the following basis: from the City Council - 1 member per 25 thousand voters, from provincial (regional, territorial) and republic-level congresses - 1 member per 125 thousand residents. Delegates to the All-Union Congress were elected at the provincial (regional, territorial) autonomous republican congresses of the Soviets, or (if republic did not have provincial (and then provincial, regional) congresses) - directly at the Congress of Soviets of the union republic.
Powers
The exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress of Soviets consists of:[4]
- Rights to conclude treaties, conduct diplomatic relations, and declare war
- Establish a union citizenship
- Settle disputes between republics
- Coin money, establish postal services, and establish standard weights and measures
- Power to develop a general plan for the entire national economy
- Establish general principles for the development and use of soil, mineral deposits, forests, and bodies of water
- Power to direct transport, telegraph services, and foreign trade
- Responsibility of the establishment of new Republics to the Congress
- Amending of the Constitution of the USSR
The only chairman of the Presidium of the Congress was Mikhail Kalinin.
Congresses
First All-Union Congress of Soviets
The first congress was held on 30 December 1922 in Moscow with delegates from Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. The Congress approved the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, the basis of the 1924 Soviet Constitution, and thus formally created the Soviet Union with the four as founding Union Republics.
Second Congress of the Soviets of the USSR
The Second Congress of the Soviets of the USSR was held in January 1924 to ratify the 1924 Constitution of the Soviet Union. The Constitution was submitted to the All-Union Congress of Soviets on 6 July 1923 for ratification upon the body's next meeting.[5] This meeting included a speech from Stalin. Stalin departed from orthodox Marxist rhetoric and drew on his own theological training. He said "Leaving us, comrade Lenin bequeathed to us the duty of holding high and keeping pure the great calling member of the party. We swear to thee, comrade Lenin, that we shall fulfil this thy commandment with honour."[5] Many oaths and honours were proclaimed to Lenin, who had just died a few days before the Second Congress began its session.
Third Congress of Soviets of the USSR
The Third Congress of Soviets was held in 1925.[6]
Fourth Congress of Soviets of the USSR
The Fourth Congress of Soviets was held in 1927.[6]
Seventh Congress of Soviets of the USSR
The Seventh Congress of Soviets of the USSR was held in February 1935, when Stalin introduced the proposal for constitutional reform. The proposal was initially discussed in the meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party held before the Seventh Congress. The Congress voted "that the new constitution should incorporate some of the best features of parliamentary democracy, that the representation of urban and rural voters should be equalized, that voting should be secret and direct, and that the All-Union Central Executive Committee should appoint a constitutional commission to draft the new organic law."[7]
Eighth Congress of Soviets of the USSR
The Extraordinary Eighth Congress of Soviets of the USSR was held from November 1936 to December 1936 to ratify the 1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union, thereby dissolving itself permanently and transferring its powers to the newly established Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The All-Union Congress approved the Constitution, and also approved plans for the publication of copies of the Constitution and invited citizens to discuss the new changes to the Constitution.[7]
References
- David A. Law, Russian Civilization, New York: Arno Press, 1975, p. 145, 161, 178, 286.
- Peters, Benjamin (2016). How Not to Network a Nation: The Uneasy History of the Soviet Internet. Routledge.
- Huskey, Eugene (16 June 2016). Executive power and Soviet politics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-48655-0. OCLC 957324987.
- Hazard, John N. (1944). "The Federal Organization of the U.S.S.R." Russian Review. 3 (2): 21–29. doi:10.2307/125406. ISSN 0036-0341. JSTOR 125406.
- Mccauley, Martin (1993). The Soviet Union 1917-1991. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315846743. ISBN 9781317901792.
- Grant, Natalia. "The Russian Section, A Window on the Soviet Union". 2. Oxford University Press: 107–115.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Starr, Joseph R. (1936). "The New Constitution of the Soviet Union". American Political Science Review. 30 (6): 1143–1152. doi:10.2307/1948295. JSTOR 1948295. S2CID 147369113.
