Copper mining in Western Australia

The origins of commercial copper mining in Western Australia date back to 1842, when a copper deposit was discovered at Wanerenooka, near the present-day Northampton.[3][4] In the late 1890s and early 1900s there were small finds such as the Whim Creek copper mine in the Pilbara,[5] and the Kimberley region.[6]

Historical copper mining locations in Western Australia included many mines extracting other minerals at the same operation, where copper tonnage recovered was small. In the early twentieth century, most operations were small, and lasted a short duration. Northampton had copper mining as early as the 1860s, through to the 1890s.[7]

Post-Second World War operations are the Elverdton Mine, near Ravensthorpe, which operated between 1956 and 1972,[8][9] and the Thaduna Mine, near Wiluna, which was active intermittently from 1955 to 1971.[10][11] In 1960, the leading copper mine in Western Australia was the Copper Hills Mine, located in the Pilbara and operational until 1963,[12] with mining also carried out at Elverdton, Thaduna and the Kumarina Mine, the later deposit having been discovered before the First World War and mined intermittently until 1973.[13][14][15]

By the late 1970s, copper was only mined as a by-product in nickel mines in Western Australia, with between 1,500 and 1,700 tonnes mined annually and a production value of around A$2 million.[16]

Newer operations are the Teutonic Bore Mine, located near the Jaguar Mine, which operated from 1980 to 1985,[17][18] owned by the Seltrust Mining Corporation. Teutonic Bore, upon opening, had a daily capacity to treat 1,000 tonnes of ore,[19] and an annual capacity of 300,000 tonnes. Apart from copper, the mine also produced silver and zinc.[20]

More prominent and longer-running was the Nifty copper mine, which operated from 1993 to 2019,[21] while the Horseshoe Lights Mine, a combined gold and copper mine, operated from the late 1980s to 1994.[22]

Historical production in Western Australia has been limited. In the early 1980s, Teutonic Bore was the only copper mine in the state, producing less than 3,500 tonnes of copper at a value of between A$3 and 4 million just before its closure.[23] By the early 1990s, copper mining in Western Australia produced around 12,000 tonnes annually at a value of A$20 million from three locations, the Golden Grove and Telfer Mines and Kambalda.[24]

Current mining operations

Boddington

Golden Grove

Telfer

DeGrussa

Jaguar

Nova

Savannah

Perth

Major copper mining locations in Western Australia with Perth as a reference

The following companies operated copper mines in Western Australia in 2021–22, according to the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety. To qualify for the department's official list of principal mining projects an operation has to either had mineral sales valued at more than $5 million, or, for operations where such figures are not reported, had a minimum of 50 employees:[25][26]

Mine	Owner	Location	Production (Tonnes)	Period	Source
Boddington gold mine	Newmont	Shire of Boddington	38,000[1]	2021–22	[27]
DeGrussa Mine	Sandfire Resources	Shire of Meekatharra	67,740[2]	2021–22	[28]
Golden Grove mine	29Metals Limited	Shire of Yalgoo	16,938[3]	2021–22	[29]
Jaguar Mine	Aeris Resources	Shire of Leonora	[4]
Nova Operations	IGO Limited	Shire of Dundas	11,483[5]	2021–22	[30]
Savannah Mine	Panoramic Resources	Shire of Halls Creek	1,908[6]	2021–22	[31]
Telfer mine	Newcrest Mining	Shire of Halls Creek	14,000[7]	2021–22	[32]

• ^[1] The Boddington gold mine also produced 798,000 ounces of gold
• ^[2] The DeGrussa Mine also produced 32,285 ounces of gold. The mine has since been placed into care and maintenance
• ^[3] The Golden Grove mine also produced 26,574 ounces of gold, 1,321,000 ounces of silver, 2,764 tonnes of lead and 57,575 tonnes of zinc
• ^[4] Aeris Resources acquired Round Oak Minerals and the Jaguar Mine on 1 July 2022, no production figures published
• ^[5] The Nova Operations also produced 26,675 tonnes of nickel and 982 of cobalt
• ^[6] Production at the Savannah Mine re-commenced in April 2022. The mine also produced 3,044 tonnes of nickel and 205 of cobalt
• ^[7] The Telfer mine also produced 408,000 ounces of gold

In 2021–22, over seventy percent of the state's copper production went to South Korea (27 percent), the Philippines (24 percent) and Japan (22 percent). Germany and Finland followed next in this list with nine and five percent each respectively.[1]

In 2019, the owners of the Whim Creek copper mine were handed an Environmental Protection Notice by the Department of Water and Environmental Regulation because of seepage of heavy metals from the mine into the Balla Balla River, considered a serious pollution risk. While in care and maintenance and with no active mining, Black Rock Minerals re-processed existing stockpiles through a small process plant and heap leach. Copper levels of 3.5 milligrams per litre were recorded in the local drinking water, well above the permitted level of 0.002 milligrams per litre. The small scale re-processing at Whim Creek eventually ceased in October 2019.[33][34]

Western Australian Copper production and value from 2000 to 2022

Annual statistics for the Western Australian copper mining industry. Figures are for financial year, which, in Australia, runs from 1 July to 30 June. Employment figures are for the base metal mining industry overall:[1][35][36][37][38][39][2]