Coquitlam River

The Coquitlam River (/koʊˈkwɪtləm/ or /kəˈkwɪtləm/) is a tributary of the Fraser River in the Canadian province of British Columbia. The river's name comes from the word Kʷikʷəƛ̓əm which translates to "Red fish up the river". The name is a reference to a sockeye salmon species that once occupied the river's waters.[5]

Coquitlam River
Location
CountryCanada
ProvinceBritish Columbia
DistrictNew Westminster Land District
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • coordinates49°33′13″N 122°45′59″W[1]
 • elevation1,034 m (3,392 ft)[2]
MouthFraser River
 • location
Port Coquitlam, Metro Vancouver
 • coordinates
49°13′30″N 122°48′18″W[3]
 • elevation
4 m (13 ft)[2]
Discharge 
 • locationPort Coquitlam[4]
 • average6.04 m3/s (213 cu ft/s)[4]
 • minimum0.025 m3/s (0.88 cu ft/s)
 • maximum476 m3/s (16,800 cu ft/s)

The river is an 18 km meandering river with 30 tributaries and various morphological features.[6] Owing to the size and area of its location, the river has a history of disastrous floods.[6][7]

The Kwikwetlem first nations were the first humans to live in the area, followed by settlers thousands of years later.[6] After settlers arrived the river would soon be altered many times for the resources it holds. The most recent changes are the generation of hydro-electricity with a dam.[8]

The river's long history and importance have led to conservation efforts by different organizations for some of the various mammals, birds, fish, and plants.[9][10] Some attempts have been made to rejuvenate the salmonid species with hatcheries and direct human intervention to assist wild salmonids.[11][12] The area is also known to have some species which are included on the BC Species at Risk Act and The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) lists.[10][13]

Setting

The Coquitlam River is located within the Coquitlam River Watershed, which has a total area of 340 km2 and formed during the last glacial advance.[7] The watershed is split into two sections, the upper and lower Coquitlam River Watershed.[14] Its source is Disappointment Lake, which is in the Coast Mountains near Indian Arm.[1] It flows south into Coquitlam Lake, a reservoir behind the Coquitlam Dam. The Coquitlam River then continues past the dam flowing south until it reaches the Fraser River at the border between Coquitlam and Port Coquitlam.

The Coquitlam River spans a total of 18 km from the dam to its outlet and receives sediment and water from 30 tributaries.[7][6] It is a meandering river with various features such as large boulders, riffles, undercut banks, sidebars, islands, oxbow lakes, large woody debris and small woody debris.[7] The sediment that is carried in the river is composed of glacial sands, gravel, clays, silts and some boulders.[7] The primary source of this sediment is Or Creek which supplies large amounts of cobbles, sand and silts.[6][7] The Coquitlam River is also located in a coastal western hemlock biogeoclimatic zone.[7][15]

This climatic zone and its position on a mountain means that it has a mean annual precipitation of 3498 mm.[7] The mean daily discharge is roughly 14.35 m3/s, however due to the high annual precipitation, the discharge can regularly increase to anywhere between 20 m3/s and 50 m3/s.[7] These high discharge events have been known to last a couple days following larger precipitation events. The river also has a long history of flooding with the largest known flood on record occurring in 1921.[6] This flood resulted in a discharge of 665 m3/s and the second largest flood occurred in 1961 with a discharge of 476 m3/s.[6][16]

Ecology
Example of riparian vegetation along Coquitlam River, species shown is Douglas fir.

The Coquitlam River is a part of the Fraser Lowland ecosection and Coastal Western Hemlock biogeoclimatic zone. The undeveloped land surrounding the river includes an oxbow lake, wetlands, and side channels.[10][17] This riparian habitat includes a variety of vegetation from evergreens such as western red cedars to deciduous black cottonwoods. This forested area provides cover for animals such as black-tailed deer and racoons within the urban landscape in the lower reaches of the river.[10][18] The river and its tributaries are home to 24 different species of fish, 5 of these salmonids.[7][9] These salmon are a critical part of this ecosystem, providing a source of food for species such as black bears and bald eagles.[19] After spawning, the fish carcasses decompose on banks and release nutrients in the soil for vegetation such as salmonberries.[20]

Species

Species status's are classified under the BC's conservation ranks.[21] Red list: "Any species or ecosystem that is at risk of being lost (extirpated, endangered or threatened)". Blue list: "Any species or ecosystem that is of special concern". Yellow list: "Any species or ecosystem that is at the least risk of being lost".[22]

The following lists are not exhaustive, and were created using personal observations as well as observations from previous habitat assessments and reports of the area.[11][17][18][23]

Mammals
Name Species Status
American black bear Ursus americanus Yellow
Black-tailed/mule deer Odocoileus hemionus Yellow
Coyote Canis latrans Yellow
Racoon Procyon lotor Yellow
American beaver Castor canadensis Yellow
Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus Yellow
American mink Neogale vison Yellow

Amphibians
Name Species Status
Northern red-legged frog Rana aurora Blue

Birds
Name Species Status
Great blue heron Ardea herodias Blue
Bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus Yellow
Red-tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensis Yellow
Wood duck Aix sponsa Yellow
Canada geese Branta canadensis Yellow
Merganser Mergus merganser Yellow
Black-capped chickadees Poecile atricapillus Yellow
Belted kingfisher Megaceryle alcyon Yellow
Spotted towhee Pipilo maculatus Yellow
Mallard duck Anas platyrhynchos Yellow
Varied thrush Ixoreus naevius Yellow
Winter wren Troglodytes hiemalis Blue

Fish
Name Species Status
Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha No Status
Pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha No Status
Steelhead trout Oncorhynchus mykiss No Status
Chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta No Status
Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch No Status
Long-nosed dace Rhinichthys cataractae Yellow
Coastrange sculpin Cottus aleuticus Yellow
Prickly sculpin Cottus asper Yellow
Three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus Yellow
Red-sided shiner Richardsonius balteatus Yellow
Northern squawfish Ptychocheilus oregonensis Yellow
Black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus Exotic
Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus Yellow

Vegetation
Name Species Status
Black cottonwood Populus trichocarpa Yellow
Red alder Alnus rubra Yellow
Pacific willow Salix lasiandra var. lasiandra Yellow
Vine maple Acer circinatum Yellow
Salmonberry Rubus spectabilis Yellow
Skunk cabbage Lysichiton americanus Yellow
Pacific ninebark Physocarpus capitatus Yellow
Western hemlock Tsuga heterophylla Yellow
Pacific silver fir Abies amabilis Yellow
Western red cedar Thuja plicata Yellow
Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii Yellow
Himalayan blackberry Rubus armeniacus Exotic
Sword fern Polystichum munitum Yellow
Licorice fern Polypodium glycyrrhiza Yellow
English holly Ilex aquifolium Exotic
False lily-of-the-valley Maianthemum dilatatum Yellow
Red huckleberry Vaccinium parvifolium Yellow
Robert's geranium Geranium robertianum Exotic

Human use and impacts

Historic

The Coquitlam River is named for the Kwikwetlem First Nations (kʷikʷəƛ̓əm) who have lived in the region for at least the last nine thousand years. kʷikʷəƛ̓əm translates to “Red fish up the river” in reference to an early sockeye salmon species that once spawned in Coquitlam Lake. The Kwikwetlem were renowned for their canoe and paddle craftsmanship.[24] The Kwikwetlem lived throughout the Coquitlam River watershed and would have relied on fishing, gathering, and trade with other First Nations living along the Fraser River.[25]

European settlers first arrived in the region in the mid-1800s and began using the river for their own purposes. The first dam was built at the mouth of Coquitlam Lake in 1892 to provide a source of drinking water for the growing colony of New Westminster.[8] In 1905 the Vancouver Power Company completed construction on a second dam and a tunnel to nearby Buntzen Lake for power generation. As a result, a large portion of the Coquitlam River's flow was diverted out of the watershed altering the hydrology of the river. In response to increased demand, another larger dam was completed in 1915, however unlike previous dams, fish access to the lake was completely blocked. further impacting the river's ecology.[8]

One of the many recreational trails along to the Coquitlam River

The watershed was logged extensively throughout the 1900s which has resulted in heavy sediment loads to occur during high precipitation events. Throughout the 1950s and 60s it was also common practice to extract gravel directly from the stream bed, although this stopped in 1965 when the B.C. Gravel Removal Order was passed.[26]

Modern

The Coquitlam Lake dam continues to provide power to the residents of Metro Vancouver and is owned and operated by the provincial energy authority, BC hydro. The lake is also one of three reservoirs used by Metro Vancouver and provides drinking water to 900,000 people.[27]

The flow reduction caused by the dam and the water diversion to Buntzen Lake affects fish and wildlife in the river and surrounding riparian zone. The barrier created by the dam restricts migration between the upper and lower parts of the watershed, which impacts salmon species in particular who used the lake as a hatching site. As a result, sockeye salmon have become almost entirely extirpated in the Coquitlam River. The dam also reduces the accumulation of woody debris in the lower reaches of the river which could be used for habitats.[28]

There are several popular parks and trails along the banks of the river including Coquitlam River Park, Lions Parks, and Gates Parks. The river is also popular with local fishermen.[29]

Conservation and threats

Conservation groups

There have been numerous initiatives to address and educate the public about the issues that threaten the Coquitlam River. These began in 1996 with the Coquitlam River Watershed Community Initiative, and continue today with others, such as the Coquitlam River Watershed Society established in 1998.[9]

Salmon

To rejuvenate the salmonid species in the river, the Port Coquitlam & District Hunting and Fishing Club has operated the Grist Goeson Memorial Hatchery through the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) Salmonid Enhancement Program (SEP). At the hatchery, tens of thousands of juvenile fish are released each spring.[11] These efforts has led to a rebound in coho, chum and pink salmon populations, with approximately 4 times the amount of salmon returning compared to their lowest numbers. However, other species such as sockeye salmon and steelhead trout are either not returning at all or in very low numbers. This is likely due to long-lasting impacts from the Coquitlam Lake dam, logging upstream, and gravel removal.[19]

Since the dam's installation, salmon have been cut off from the valuable rearing habitat of the upper Coquitlam River. To attempt to reverse this, Fisheries and Oceans Canada plan to transport up to 100 returning coho salmon. This plan was presented in 2020 and will likely occur over a 5-year trial period. This transportation will also be managed by the Grist Goeson Memorial Hatchery.[12]

Threatened species management

There is a protected Wildlife Management Area found on the north side of the Coquitlam and Fraser Rivers confluence.[10] This land is managed by the BC's Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resources Operations and Rural Developments (FLNRORD). The great blue herons found on this reserve are blue-listed species under the BC Species at Risk Act (SARA) and are listed as a "special concern" under COSEWIC.[10][13]

In 2014, a Species at Risk project was completed and both the great blue heron as well as the blue-listed red-legged frog were identified along the Coquitlam River. Red-legged frogs were observed in the upper reaches, however possible breeding habitat was also identified and recommended as a viable location for restoration. Due to the sensitive nature of this amphibian, it was also recommended to avoid pond draining and ditch cleaning during breeding times.[17]

See also

References
  1. "Disappointment Lake". BC Geographical Names.
  2. Elevation derived from ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model, using GeoLocator, and BCGNIS coordinates.
  3. "Coquitlam River". BC Geographical Names.
  4. "Archived Hydrometric Data Search". Water Survey of Canada. Archived from the original on 24 December 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2013. Search for Station 08MH002 Coquitlam River at Port Coquitlam
  5. "Kwikwetlem First Nation | Coquitlam, Watershed Canada". Retrieved 2021-04-15.
  6. "2008 CRWS Phase I: Background and Research – Coquitlam River Watershed Rountable". Retrieved 2021-03-22.
  7. G3 Consulting Ltd. (G3). 2016. COQMON#8 Lower Coquitlam River Substrate Quality Assessment (2012-2015). Prepared for BC Hydro and Power Authority by G3 Consulting Ltd., Surrey, BC. 26p + Appendices.
  8. "Coquitlam Lake Dam | Coquitlam River Watershed Strategy Canada". Retrieved 2021-03-25.
  9. Houghton J. (2008). Fraser Salmon and Watersheds Program – Living Rivers Project Coquitlam River Stakeholder Engagement Phase I: The Story of the Coquitlam River Watershed Past, Present and Future. The Pacific Salmon Foundation. (pp. 9-10). City of Coquitlam. http://newearthmarketing.com/coquitlamriverwatershedca/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/CRWS_Phase_I_Background_and_Research_2008_0.pdf
  10. Ministry of Forests, Lands. "Coquitlam River Wildlife Management Area - Province of British Columbia". www2.gov.bc.ca. Retrieved 2021-03-25.
  11. "The Grist Goesen Memorial Hatchery". Port Coquitlam & District Hunting & Fishing Club. Retrieved 2021-03-25.
  12. "First Nation and Fisheries Canada hatches plan to return coho salmon to Coquitlam River after 105 years | CBC News". CBC. Retrieved 2021-03-26.
  13. COSEWIC. 2008. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Great Blue Heron fannini subspecies Ardea herodias fannini in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vii + 39 pp https://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/cosewic/sr_great_blue_heron_0808_e.pdf
  14. "Coquitlam River Watershed Atlas". cmnmaps.ca. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  15. Simon Fraser University. (2007). Biogeoclimatic Zones of B.C. Web Atlas. https://www.sfu.ca/geog/geog351fall07/Group06/webmap.html
  16. "Disclaimer for Hydrometric Information - Water Level and Flow - Environment Canada". wateroffice.ec.gc.ca. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
  17. Mitchell A. (2014). Species at Risk Conservation and Stewardship in the Coquitlam Watershed. Report prepared for: Ministry of Forests, Land and Natural Resource Operations and British Columbia Conservation Foundation. http://www.sccp.ca/sites/default/files/species-habitat/documents/Species%20at%20Risk%20Conservation%20and%20Stewardship%20in%20the%20Coquitlam%20watershed%20FWCP_FinalReport_2013-14_.pdf
  18. "Wildlife & Insects". Hoy-Scott Watershed Society. Retrieved 2021-03-26.
  19. "Hatcheries & Habitats | River, Coquitlam Canada". Retrieved 2021-03-25.
  20. Siemens, Lisa D.; Dennert, Allison M.; Obrist, Debora S.; Reynolds, John D. (2020). "Spawning salmon density influences fruit production of salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis)". Ecosphere. 11 (11): e03282. doi:10.1002/ecs2.3282. ISSN 2150-8925.
  21. "BC Species & Ecosystems Explorer". BC Government. Archived from the original on 2009-02-07.
  22. Strategy, Ministry of Environment and Climate Change. "Red, Blue & Yellow Lists - Province of British Columbia". www2.gov.bc.ca. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
  23. Lower Coquitlam River Fish Habitat Assessment (Level 1). 2014. InStream Fisheries Research Inc. Retrieved 2021-04-11. https://www.coquitlamriverwatershed.ca/download/level-1-fha-final-report/?wpdmdl=532
  24. "Kwikwetlem First Nation | Coquitlam, Watershed Canada". Retrieved 2021-03-25.
  25. "History of Coquitlam — Coquitlam Heritage at Mackin House". Coquitlam Heritage Society. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
  26. "History | Coquitlam River, History Canada". Retrieved 2021-04-08.
  27. "Watersheds & Reservoirs". www.metrovancouver.org. Retrieved 2021-03-26.
  28. "Coquitlam-Butzen Watershed Action Plan" (PDF). August 23, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-11-26. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  29. "Coquitlam River Park". Coquitlam, BC. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
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