Orcein

Orcein, also archil, orchil, lacmus and C.I. Natural Red 28, are names for dyes extracted from several species of lichen, commonly known as "orchella weeds", found in various parts of the world. A major source is the archil lichen, Roccella tinctoria.[1] Orcinol is extracted from such lichens. It is then converted to orcein by ammonia and air. In traditional dye-making methods, urine was used as the ammonia source. If the conversion is carried out in the presence of potassium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, and calcium sulfate (in the form of potash, lime, and gypsum in traditional dye-making methods), the result is litmus, a more complex molecule.[2] The manufacture was described by Cocq in 1812 [3] and in the UK in 1874.[4] Edmund Roberts noted orchilla as a principal export of the Cape Verde islands, superior to the same kind of "moss" found in Italy or the Canary Islands, that in 1832 was yielding an annual revenue of $200,000.[5]: pp.14, 15  Commercial archil is either a powder (called cudbear) or a paste. It is red in acidic pH and blue in alkaline pH.

White wool yarn dyed with "orchella weeds", using traditional plant dye methods.

History and uses
Chromosomes of Allium ascalonicum stained with orcein

The chemical components of orcein were elucidated only in the 1950s by Hans Musso.[6] The structures are shown below. A paper originally published in 1961, embodying most of Musso's work on components of orcein and litmus, was translated into English and published in 2003[7] in a special issue of the journal Biotechnic & Histochemistry (Vol 78, No. 6) devoted to the dye. A single alternative structural formula for orcein, possibly incorrect, is given by the National Library of Medicine [8] and Emolecules.[9]

Orcein is a reddish-brown dye, orchil is a purple-blue dye. Orcein is also used as a stain in microscopy to visualize chromosomes,[10] elastic fibers,[11] Hepatitis B surface antigens,[12] and copper-associated proteins.[13]

Orcein is not approved as a food dye (banned in Europe since January 1977), with E number E121 before 1977 and E182 after.[14][15] Its CAS number is 1400-62-0. Its chemical formula is C28H24N2O7. It forms dark brown crystals. It is a mixture of phenoxazone derivates - hydroxyorceins, aminoorceins, and aminoorceinimines.

Cudbear

Cudbear is a dye extracted from orchil lichens that produces colours in the purple range. It can be used to dye wool and silk, without the use of mordant. The lichen is first boiled in a solution of ammonium carbonate. The mixture is then cooled and ammonia is added and the mixture is kept damp for 3–4 weeks. Then the lichen is dried and ground to powder.

Cudbear was the first dye to be invented in modern times, and one of the few dyes to be credited to a named individual: Dr Cuthbert Gordon of Scotland: production began in 1758, and it was patented in 1758, British patent 727.[16][17] John Glassford invested in the new process with funds from his slave-owned tobacco business by establishing a dyeworks in Dennistoun in 1777.[18][19] The manufacture details were carefully protected, with a ten-feet high wall being built around the manufacturing facility, and staff consisting of Highlanders sworn to secrecy.[18] The lichen consumption soon reached 250 tons per year and import from Norway and Sweden had to be arranged.[20]

A similar process was developed in France. The lichen is extracted by urine or ammonia, then the extract is acidified, the dissolved dye precipitates out and is washed. Then it is dissolved in ammonia again, the solution is heated in air until it becomes purple, then it is precipitated out with calcium chloride. The resulting insoluble purple solid is known as French purple, a fast lichen dye that was much more stable than other lichen dyes.

  • α-amino orcein
    α-amino orcein
  • α-hydroxy orcein
    α-hydroxy orcein
  • β-amino orcein
    β-amino orcein
  • β-hydroxy orcein
    β-hydroxy orcein
  • β-amino orceinimine
    β-amino orceinimine
  • γ-amino orcein
    γ-amino orcein
  • γ-hydroxy orcein
    γ-hydroxy orcein
  • γ-amino orceinimine
    γ-amino orceinimine

See also

References
  1. St. Clair, Kassia (2016). The Secret Lives of Colour. London: John Murray. p. 165. ISBN 9781473630819. OCLC 936144129.
  2. Beecken, H; E-M Gottschalk; U v Gizycki; et al. (2003). "Orcein and litmus". Biotechnic & Histochemistry. 78 (6): 289–302. doi:10.1080/10520290410001671362. PMID 15473576. S2CID 41944320.
  3. Cocq M. (1812). Mémoire sur la fabrication et l'emploi de l'orseille. Annales de Chimie 81:258–278. Cited in: Chevreul ME. (1830). Leçons de chimie appliquée à la teinture. Paris: Pichon et Didier. p 114–116.
  4. Workman, A Leeds (1874). "Manufacture of Archil and Cudbear". Chemical News. 30 (173): 143.
  5. Roberts, Edmund (12 October 2007) [First published in 1837]. Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat : in the U. S. sloop-of-war Peacock ... during the years 1832-3-4. Harper & brothers. OCLC 12212199.
  6. Musso, H (1960). "Orcein- und Lackmusfarbstoffe: Konstitutionsermittlung und Konstitutionsbeweis durch die Synthese. (Orcein and litmus pigments: constitutional elucidation and constitutional proof by synthesis.)". Planta Medica. 8 (4): 431–446. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1101580.
  7. Beecken, H; Gottschalk, EM; von Gizycki, U; Kramer, H; Maassen, D; Matthies, HG; Musso, H; Rathjen, C; Zdhorsky, UI (2003). "Orcein and litmus". Biotechnic & Histochemistry. 78 (6): 289–302. doi:10.1080/10520290410001671362. PMID 15473576. S2CID 41944320.
  8. "ChemIDplus Lite". Archived from the original on 2009-05-28. Retrieved 2009-07-16.
  9. "eMolecules Chemical Search Results". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.
  10. La Cour, L (1941). "Acetic-orcein: a new stain-fixative for chromosomes". Stain Technology. 16 (4): 169–174. doi:10.3109/10520294109107302.
  11. Friedberg, SH; Goldstein, DJ (1969). "Thermodynamics of orcein staining of elastic fibres". Histochemical Journal. 1 (4): 261–376. doi:10.1007/BF01003279. PMID 4113287. S2CID 11125308.
  12. Fredenburgh, JL; Edgerton, SM; Parker, AE (1978). "A modification of the aldehyde fuchsin and orcein stains for hepatitis B surface antigen in tissue and a proposed chemical mechanism". Journal of Histotechnology. 1 (6): 223–228. doi:10.1179/his.1978.1.6.223.
  13. Henwood, A (2003). "Current applications of orcein in histochemistry. A brief review with some new observations concerning influence of dye batch variation and aging of dye solutions on staining". Biotechnic & Histochemistry. 78 (6): 303–308. doi:10.1080/10520290410001671335. PMID 15473577. S2CID 425825.
  14. "Additifs alimentaires – Accueil". Archived from the original on 2018-10-26. Retrieved 2013-12-27.
  15. "Color Additive Status List". FDA. 3 February 2020.
  16. "The Cudbear Manufactory". www.scottisharchivesforschools.org. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
  17. "Preparation of cudbear, a patent". Archived from the original on 2001-02-21.
  18. Quinton, Rebecca (3 December 2019). "Glasgow Merchants' Investment in Purple". Legacies of Slavery in Glasgow Museums and Collections. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
  19. Campsie, Alison (10 October 2021). "9 objects that link Scotland to slavery". www.scotsman.com. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
  20. "Curiosities of Glasgow citizenship: George Macintosh of Dunchattan".
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