Cuenca (Congress of Deputies constituency)

Cuenca is one of the 52 constituencies (Spanish: circunscripciones) represented in the Congress of Deputies, the lower chamber of the Spanish parliament, the Cortes Generales. The constituency currently elects three deputies. Its boundaries correspond to those of the Spanish province of Cuenca. The electoral system uses the D'Hondt method and a closed-list proportional representation, with a minimum threshold of three percent.

Cuenca
Congress of Deputies
Electoral constituency
Location of Cuenca within Spain
ProvinceCuenca
Autonomous communityCastilla–La Mancha
Population195,215 (2022)[1]
Electorate152,694 (2023)
Major settlementsCuenca
Current constituency
Created1977
Seats4 (1977–1982)
3 (1986–present)
Member(s)
  •   PP (2)
  •   PSOE (1)

Electoral system

The constituency was created as per the Political Reform Act 1977 and was first contested in the 1977 general election. The Act provided for the provinces of Spain to be established as multi-member districts in the Congress of Deputies,[2] with this regulation being maintained under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. Additionally, the Constitution requires for any modification of the provincial limits to be approved under an organic law, needing an absolute majority in the Cortes Generales.[3]

Voting is on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprises all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights. The only exception was in 1977, when this was limited to nationals over twenty-one and in full enjoyment of their political and civil rights. Amendments to the electoral law in 2011 required for Spaniards abroad to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish: Voto rogado).[4] 348 seats are elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which includes blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Each provincial constituency is entitled to an initial minimum of two seats, with the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla are allocated the two remaining seats, which are elected using plurality voting.[3][5][6] The use of the D'Hondt method may result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.[7]

The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call—fifteen before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one-thousandth of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1985—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Also since 2011, parties, federations or coalitions that have not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election are required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[5][6]

Deputies

Deputies 1977–present
Key to parties
  PSOE
  UCD
  PP
  CP
  AP
Legislature Election Distribution
Constituent 1977
1 3
1st 1979
1 3
2nd 1982
2 2
3rd 1986
2 1
4th 1989
2 1
5th 1993
1 2
6th 1996
1 2
7th 2000
1 2
8th 2004
1 2
9th 2008
1 2
10th 2011
1 2
11th 2015
1 2
12th 2016
1 2
13th 2019 (Apr)
2 1
14th 2019 (Nov)
2 1
15th 2023
1 2

Elections

2023 general election

Summary of the 23 July 2023 Congress of Deputies election results in Cuenca
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 45,25539.76+8.86 2+1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 42,52837.37+0.10 1–1
Vox (Vox) 17.70015.55–2.88 0±0
Unite (Sumar)1 6,3255.56–1.34 0±0
Animalist Party with the Environment (PACMA)2 3870.34–0.16 0±0
Workers' Front (FO) 2070.18New 0±0
Blank Seats to Leave Empty Seats (EB) 1680.15New 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 1110.10–0.02 0±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) 1000.09+0.03 0±0
Zero Cuts (Recortes Cero) 580.05–0.06 0±0
Blank ballots 9690.85–0.07
Total 113,808 3±0
Valid votes 113,80898.72±0.00
Invalid votes 1,4721.28±0.00
Votes cast / turnout 115,28075.50+3.93
Abstentions 37,41424.50–3.93
Registered voters 152,694
Sources[8]
Footnotes:

November 2019 general election

Summary of the 10 November 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in Cuenca
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 40,67037.27+1.59 2±0
People's Party (PP) 33,72130.90+4.13 1±0
Vox (Vox) 20,10818.43+4.41 0±0
United We Can (PodemosIU) 7,5296.90–1.03 0±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 5,0944.67–9.11 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 5450.50–0.15 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 1290.12+0.03 0±0
Zero CutsGreen GroupPCASTC (Recortes Cero–GV–PCAS–TC) 1250.11±0.00 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 830.08New 0±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) 660.06–0.01 0±0
Libertarian Party (P–LIB) 470.04–0.01 0±0
Blank ballots 1,0020.92+0.07
Total 109,119 3±0
Valid votes 109,11998.72+0.04
Invalid votes 1,4181.28–0.04
Votes cast / turnout 110,53771.57–6.57
Abstentions 43,90428.43+6.57
Registered voters 154,441
Sources[9]

April 2019 general election

Summary of the 28 April 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in Cuenca
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 42,65435.68+5.96 2+1
People's Party (PP) 31,99726.77–18.98 1–1
Vox (Vox) 16,75514.02+13.78 0±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 16,46713.78+4.40 0±0
United We Can (PodemosIUEquo) 9,4827.93–5.24 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 7760.65–0.03 0±0
Zero CutsGreen GroupPCASTC (Recortes Cero–GV–PCAS–TC) 1350.11±0.00 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 1090.09New 0±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) 840.07New 0±0
Libertarian Party (P–LIB) 560.05New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,0150.85+0.14
Total 119,530 3±0
Valid votes 119,53098.68–0.24
Invalid votes 1,5971.32+0.24
Votes cast / turnout 121,12778.14+3.94
Abstentions 33,88721.86–3.94
Registered voters 155,014
Sources[9]

2016 general election

Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Cuenca
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 53,00445.75+3.85 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 34,42629.72–0.85 1±0
United We Can (PodemosIUEquo)1 15,26313.17–1.48 0±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 10,8689.38–1.40 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 7850.68+0.24 0±0
Vox (Vox) 2740.24–0.05 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 1950.17–0.21 0±0
Zero CutsGreen Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 1300.11–0.03 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 810.07–0.01 0±0
Blank ballots 8230.71–0.06
Total 115,849 3±0
Valid votes 115,84998.92+0.05
Invalid votes 1,2691.08–0.05
Votes cast / turnout 117,11874.20–2.88
Abstentions 40,71725.80+2.88
Registered voters 157,835
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

2015 general election

Summary of the 20 December 2015 Congress of Deputies election results in Cuenca
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 50,73641.90–14.01 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 37,01930.57–2.44 1±0
We Can (Podemos) 14,11311.65New 0±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 13,04910.78New 0±0
United LeftPopular Unity in Common (IU–UPeC) 3,6283.00–1.77 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 5370.44+0.20 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 4640.38–3.19 0±0
Vox (Vox) 3560.29New 0±0
Zero CutsGreen Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 1650.14New 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 970.08New 0±0
Blank ballots 9310.77–0.62
Total 121,095 3±0
Valid votes 121,09598.87+0.33
Invalid votes 1,3821.13–0.33
Votes cast / turnout 122,47777.08–0.56
Abstentions 36,40922.92+0.56
Registered voters 158,886
Sources[9]

2011 general election

Summary of the 20 November 2011 Congress of Deputies election results in Cuenca
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 69,93955.91+6.07 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 41,29333.01–12.19 1±0
United Left of Castilla–La ManchaThe Greens: Plural Left (IUCLM–LV) 5,9684.77+2.39 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 4,4683.57+2.81 0±0
Equo (Equo) 8020.64New 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 3060.24New 0±0
Liberal Democratic Centre (CDL) 1780.14New 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 1570.13+0.07 0±0
Castilian Party (PCAS)1 1540.12+0.06 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 900.07New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,7371.39+0.44
Total 125,092 3±0
Valid votes 125,09298.54–0.70
Invalid votes 1,8531.46+0.70
Votes cast / turnout 126,94577.64–3.88
Abstentions 36,55522.36+3.88
Registered voters 163,500
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

2008 general election

Summary of the 9 March 2008 Congress of Deputies election results in Cuenca
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 66,28249.84+0.11 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 60,10845.20–0.18 1±0
United Left–Alternative (IU) 3,1682.38–0.06 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 1,0110.76New 0±0
The Greens of Europe (LVdE) 3130.24New 0±0
Social Democratic Party (PSD) 1230.09New 0±0
Independents for Cuenca (ixC) 1000.08New 0±0
Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB) 950.07–0.06 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 860.06New 0±0
Commoners' Land (TC) 830.06–0.04 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 600.05–0.01 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 600.05±0.00 0±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 580.04New 0±0
Spanish Alternative (AES) 410.03New 0±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV) 380.03–0.07 0±0
National Democracy (DN) 290.02–0.03 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 280.02–0.06 0±0
Authentic Phalanx (FA) 250.02–0.01 0±0
Spain 2000 (E–2000) 220.02New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,2590.95–0.61
Total 132,989 3±0
Valid votes 132,98999.24+0.06
Invalid votes 1,0150.76–0.06
Votes cast / turnout 134,00481.52+0.07
Abstentions 30,38318.48–0.07
Registered voters 164,387
Sources[9]

2004 general election

Summary of the 14 March 2004 Congress of Deputies election results in Cuenca
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 66,51549.73–3.62 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 60,69745.38+4.22 1±0
United Left–Left of Castilla–La Mancha (IU–ICAM) 3,2582.44–0.49 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 1910.14–0.09 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 1810.14–0.08 0±0
Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB) 1710.13New 0±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV) 1290.10New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 1120.08New 0±0
Republican Left (IR) 910.07New 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 840.06New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 620.05New 0±0
National Democracy (DN) 610.05New 0±0
Authentic Phalanx (FA) 460.03New 0±0
Republican Social Movement (MSR) 370.03New 0±0
The Phalanx (FE) 340.03–0.06 0±0
Blank ballots 2,0911.56+0.28
Total 133,760 3±0
Valid votes 133,76099.18+0.04
Invalid votes 1,1020.82–0.04
Votes cast / turnout 134,86281.45+2.80
Abstentions 30,71418.55–2.80
Registered voters 165,576
Sources[9]

2000 general election

Summary of the 12 March 2000 Congress of Deputies election results in Cuenca
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 69,68853.35+3.14 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' PartyProgressives (PSOE–p) 53,76241.16–1.23 1±0
United Left (IU) 3,8232.93–2.68 0±0
The Greens–Green Group (LV–GV) 6050.46New 0±0
Centrist Union–Democratic and Social Centre (UC–CDS) 3030.23–0.20 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 2920.22+0.07 0±0
The Phalanx (FE) 1140.09New 0±0
Party of Self-employed, Retirees and Independents (EL–PAPI) 1000.08New 0±0
Spanish Democratic Party (PADE) 670.05New 0±0
Natural Law Party (PLN) 640.05New 0±0
Republican Action (AR) 610.05New 0±0
Carlist Party (PC) 390.03New 0±0
Spain 2000 Platform (ES2000) 330.03New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,6701.28+0.40
Total 130,621 3±0
Valid votes 130,62199.14–0.18
Invalid votes 1,1270.86+0.18
Votes cast / turnout 131,74878.65–4.50
Abstentions 35,77321.35+4.50
Registered voters 167,521
Sources[9]

1996 general election

Summary of the 3 March 1996 Congress of Deputies election results in Cuenca
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 70,19950.21+3.25 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 59,26142.39–1.19 1±0
United Left–Left of Castilla–La Mancha (IU–ICAM) 7,8445.61+0.48 0±0
Centrist Union (UC) 6010.43–1.99 0±0
Regionalist Party of Castilla–La Mancha (PRCM) 2700.19New 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 2160.15–0.11 0±0
Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRT) 890.06New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 880.06+0.05 0±0
Blank ballots 1,2350.88+0.10
Total 139,803 3±0
Valid votes 139,80399.32–0.12
Invalid votes 9570.68+0.12
Votes cast / turnout 140,76083.15+0.72
Abstentions 28,52816.85–0.72
Registered voters 169,288
Sources[9]

1993 general election

Summary of the 6 June 1993 Congress of Deputies election results in Cuenca
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 64,40846.96+7.93 2+1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 59,76343.58–2.29 1–1
United Left (IU) 7,0415.13+0.79 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 3,3252.42–4.76 0±0
The Greens (Verdes) 4970.36+0.12 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 3610.26New 0±0
The Ecologists (LE) 2350.17–0.27 0±0
Ruiz-Mateos GroupEuropean Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE) 2320.17–0.42 0±0
Castilianist Union (UC) 1240.09New 0±0
Natural Law Party (PLN) 510.04New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 400.03–0.02 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 00.00New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,0640.78+0.16
Total 137,141 3±0
Valid votes 137,14199.44+0.10
Invalid votes 7770.56–0.10
Votes cast / turnout 137,91882.43+6.44
Abstentions 29,39317.57–6.44
Registered voters 167,311
Sources[9]

1989 general election

Summary of the 29 October 1989 Congress of Deputies election results in Cuenca
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 58,46545.87+0.57 2±0
People's Party (PP)1 49,74839.03+0.06 1±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 9,1497.18–1.55 0±0
United Left (IU) 5,5294.34+1.88 0±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group (Ruiz-Mateos) 7500.59New 0±0
Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity (PTE–UC)2 6490.51–0.65 0±0
The Greens–Green List (LV–LV) 6150.48New 0±0
The Ecologist Greens (LVE) 5620.44New 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 5200.41+0.14 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 2560.20–0.26 0±0
Alliance for the Republic (AxR)3 1590.12–0.05 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 1500.12New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 630.05New 0±0
Centrist Unity–Democratic Spanish Party (PED) 460.04New 0±0
Blank ballots 7850.62+0.02
Total 127,446 3±0
Valid votes 127,44699.34+0.71
Invalid votes 8450.66–0.71
Votes cast / turnout 128,29175.99+1.05
Abstentions 40,54424.01–1.05
Registered voters 168,835
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

1986 general election

Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Cuenca
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 57,36145.30+0.36 2±0
People's Coalition (APPDPPL)1 49,33938.97+7.13 1–1
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 11,0548.73+6.92 0±0
United Left (IU)2 3,1192.46–0.75 0±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) 1,8701.48New 0±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC) 1,4751.16New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 5870.46New 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 3460.27New 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 3070.24+0.13 0±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 2090.17New 0±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR) 1870.15New 0±0
Blank ballots 7630.60+0.06
Total 126,617 3–1
Valid votes 126,61798.63+0.40
Invalid votes 1,7581.37–0.40
Votes cast / turnout 128,37574.94–8.18
Abstentions 42,92025.06+8.18
Registered voters 171,295
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

1982 general election

Summary of the 28 October 1982 Congress of Deputies election results in Cuenca
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 59,67644.94+13.44 2+1
People's Alliance–People's Democratic Party (APPDP)1 42,27431.84+25.82 2+2
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 20,11915.15–37.22 0–3
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 4,2573.21–4.98 0±0
New Force (FN) 2,8682.16New 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 2,3991.81New 0±0
Spanish Solidarity (SE) 3250.24New 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 1430.11New 0±0
Communist Movement (MC) 00.00–0.16 0±0
Blank ballots 7170.54+0.12
Total 132,778 4±0
Valid votes 132,77898.23–0.38
Invalid votes 2,3971.77+0.38
Votes cast / turnout 135,17583.12+9.02
Abstentions 27,45616.88–9.02
Registered voters 162,631
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

1979 general election

Summary of the 1 March 1979 Congress of Deputies election results in Cuenca
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 64,27352.37–3.52 3±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1 38,65431.50+7.50 1±0
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 10,0498.19+1.91 0±0
Democratic Coalition (CD)2 7,3886.02–2.12 0±0
Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA) 6980.57New 0±0
Workers' Revolutionary Organization (ORT) 3190.26New 0±0
Party of Labour of Spain (PTE)3 2650.22+0.03 0±0
Communist MovementOrganization of Communist Left (MC–OIC) 1960.16New 0±0
Communist Organization of Spain (Red Flag) (OCE–BR) 1810.15New 0±0
Carlist Party (PC) 1770.14New 0±0
Blank ballots 5180.42+0.17
Total 122,718 4±0
Valid votes 122,71898.61+0.23
Invalid votes 1,7321.39–0.23
Votes cast / turnout 124,45074.10–10.81
Abstentions 43,49625.90+10.81
Registered voters 167,946
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

1977 general election

Summary of the 15 June 1977 Congress of Deputies election results in Cuenca
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 70,55055.89n/a 3n/a
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 28,35022.46n/a 1n/a
People's Alliance (AP) 10,2778.14n/a 0n/a
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 7,9276.28n/a 0n/a
Spanish Social Reform (RSE) 2,0241.60n/a 0n/a
People's Socialist PartySocialist Unity (PSP–US) 1,9471.54n/a 0n/a
Federation of Christian Democracy (FPDID) 1,6461.30n/a 0n/a
New Force (FN) 1,2190.97n/a 0n/a
Democratic Socialist Alliance (ASDCI) 6740.53n/a 0n/a
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (Authentic) (FE–JONS(A)) 5090.40n/a 0n/a
José Antonio Circles (CJA) 4190.33n/a 0n/a
Democratic Left Front (FDI) 2420.19n/a 0n/a
Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI) 1290.10n/a 0n/a
Blank ballots 3140.25n/a
Total 126,227 4n/a
Valid votes 126,22798.38n/a
Invalid votes 2,0771.62n/a
Votes cast / turnout 128,30484.91n/a
Abstentions 22,79515.09n/a
Registered voters 151,099
Sources[9]

References

  1. "Real Decreto 1037/2022, de 20 de diciembre, por el que se declaran oficiales las cifras de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal referidas al 1 de enero de 2022" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (305): 178928–178933. 21 December 2022. ISSN 0212-033X.
  2. "Ley 1/1977, de 4 de enero, para la Reforma Política". Law No. 1 of 4 January 1977 (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  3. "Constitución Española". Act of 29 December 1978 (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  4. Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote". cafebabel.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  5. "Real Decreto-ley 20/1977, de 18 de marzo, sobre Normas Electorales". Royal Decree-Law No. 20 of 18 March 1977 (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  6. "Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General". Organic Law No. 5 of 19 June 1985 (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  7. Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 2017-07-30. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  8. "Resolución de 30 de agosto de 2023, de la Presidencia de la Junta Electoral Central, por la que se publica el resumen de los resultados de las elecciones al Congreso de los Diputados y al Senado convocadas por Real Decreto 400/2023, de 29 de mayo, y celebradas el 23 de julio de 2023, conforme a las actas de escrutinio general y de proclamación de electos remitidas por las correspondientes Juntas Electorales Provinciales y por las Juntas Electorales de Ceuta y de Melilla" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (209): 122201–122274. 1 September 2023. ISSN 0212-033X.
  9. "Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 April 2022.

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