Cumberland House, Saskatchewan

York boats on the Saskatchewan River at Cumberland House

From its foundation in 1774, Cumberland House was one of the most important fur trade depots in Canada. To the east, the Saskatchewan River led to Lake Winnipeg and on to Montreal or Hudson Bay. To the west, the river led to the Rocky Mountains and a pass to Oregon Country. To the north, the Sturgeon-Weir River led to the Churchill River, which led to the Methye Portage and the rich Athabasca Country to the northwest. During the construction of Cumberland House, the traders were challenged by the inland location and their unfamiliarity with crafting canoes. During the completion of the community's construction the traders had developed the required travel proficiency.[4]

Cumberland House was used as a depot for east-bound furs and west-bound trade goods. It was also a depot for pemmican used to feed the voyageurs on their long journey to Lake Athabasca. Since it was in the forest belt, pemmican was brought downriver from the prairies or upriver from Lake Winnipeg. It was about 40 days' paddling time from the Hudson's Bay Company base at York Factory but nearly five months' journey from their competitor's base at Montreal. Cumberland House was located on a strip of land between the Saskatchewan to the south and Cumberland Lake to the north. The lake drained into the river a mile or so to the west. Today, the strip is wider because of changes in the lake level.

As in much of Canada, the first European visitors were probably coureurs des bois who left no records. The first European known to have passed the site was Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye, in the spring of 1749. A private fur trader, Joseph Frobisher, set up a temporary post on Cumberland Lake in 1772.[5] Samuel Hearne established the permanent HBC post in 1774. It is sometimes said that was the first inland post of the company. That was strictly Henley House in 1743, but that was an isolated event. Cumberland House was the first post established when the inland policy was adopted. Hearne took the Grass River (Manitoba) route from York Factory which led him to Cumberland Lake. A month after Hearne had finished building, Thomas and Joseph Frobisher arrived on their way to intercept HBC furs at Frog Portage. The next year, Mathew Cocking was in charge, and the two Frobishers reappeared along with Alexander Henry the elder.

From 1778 to 1804, it was the administrative centre of the western posts. In 1793, the North West Company built a competing post nearby. About the same time the Hudson's Bay Company fort was moved to a new site across from the North West Company post. In 1821, the two forts were merged. At that time there were 30 men at the post and about the same number of women and children. The post declined after about 1830 but revived somewhat with the introduction of steamboats on the river in 1874. By 1980, the powder magazine and the house of the Hudson's Bay Company manager were still there.

On June 24, 2005, Cumberland House residents were evacuated to Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, and housed in a shelter set up by the Red Cross at the SIAST (now called Saskatchewan Polytechnic) campus due to impending flooding from the Saskatchewan River. The influx of water was from record-breaking rainfall in Alberta, where the North and South Saskatchewan Rivers collected the runoff from that rainfall.