Cunene River

The Cunene (Portuguese spelling) or Kunene (common Namibian spelling)[lower-alpha 1] is a river in Southern Africa. It flows from the Angola highlands southwards to the border with Namibia. It then flows in a westerly direction along the border until it reaches the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of the few perennial rivers in the region. It is about 1,050 kilometres (652 mi) long, with a drainage basin 106,560 square kilometres (41,143 sq mi) in area. Its mean annual discharge is 174 m3/s (6,145 cfs) at its mouth.[4] The Epupa Falls lie on the river. Olushandja Dam dams a tributary of the river, the Etaka, and helps to provide the Ruacana Power Station with water.

Cunene River
Kunene River
Cunene (Kunene) River near Epupa Falls
Course of the Kunene (Cunene) River, parts in Angola highlighted in blue
Location
CountriesAngola and Namibia
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationAngolan Highlands
MouthAtlantic Ocean
 • coordinates
17°15′09″S 11°45′05″E
 • elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Length1,050 km (650 mi)
Basin size106,560 km2 (41,140 sq mi)
Discharge 
 • average174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s)
Basin features
WaterfallsEpupa Falls, Ruacana Falls
Epupa Falls

Dam controversies

The Namibian government proposed in the late 1990s to build the Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam on the Cunene. In 2012 the Governments of Namibia and Angola announced plans to jointly build the Orokawe dam in the Baynes Mountains. According to the indigenous Himba who would have been most affected by the construction of the dam, the dam would threaten the local ecosystem and therefore the economic basis of the Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issued a declaration to the African Union and to the United Nations Human Rights Council of the United Nations, titled "Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains," which outlines the fierce objections against the dam from the traditional Himba chiefs and communities that reside near the Kunene River.[5][6][7]

In September 2012, the United Nations special rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples visited the Himba, and heard their concerns.

On November 23, 2012, hundreds of Himba and Zemba from Omuhonga and Epupa region protested in Okanguati against Namibia's plans to construct a dam in the Kunene River in the Baynes Mountains, against increasing mining operations on their traditional land and human rights violations against them.[8]

On March 25, 2013, over a thousand Himba and Zemba people marched in Opuwo[9] to protest once more against Namibia's plans to build the Orokawe dam in the Cunene River without consulting with the indigenous peoples that do not consent to the construction plans.[10]

Attraction

Tourists frequent campsites or lodges at Epupa, which offer water sports on the river, including rafting and canoeing.[11] Ancient baobab trees grow alongside the gorge, and there is an attractive and well-kept viewpoint high above the village and falls.

Notes
  1. Pronunciation: British English: /kjuːˈneɪnə/ kew-NAY-nə, American English: /kuːˈ-/ koo-.[1][2][3]

References
  1. "Cunene". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
  2. "Cunene" (US) and "Cunene". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2020-03-22.
  3. "Cunene". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
  4. Nakayama 2003, p. 9.
  5. "Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam". galdu.org. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
  6. "Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights". newsodrome.com. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
  7. "Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains". earthpeoples.org. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
  8. "Namibia: Indigenous semi-nomadic Himba and Zemba march in protest against dam, mining and human rights violations". earthpeoples.org. Archived from the original on March 10, 2013. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  9. "German GIZ directly engaged with dispossessing indigenous peoples of their lands and territories in Namibia". earthpeoples.org. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
  10. "Himba, Zemba reiterate 'no' to Baynes dam". Catherine Sasman for The Namibian. Archived from the original on March 29, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  11. "KaokoHimba Safaris Namibia - Kaokoland, Epupa Falls Campsite, Himba People, Tours - Epupa Falls". Archived from the original on April 22, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013.

Sources
  • C. Michael Hogan (2012). "Kunene River". In P. Saundry; C. Cleveland (eds.). Encyclopedia of Earth. Washington DC.: National Council for Science and the Environment.
  • F. C. de Moor; H. M. Barber-James; A. D. Harrison; C. R. Lugo-Ortiz (2000). "The macroinvertebrates of the Cunene River from the Ruacana Falls to the river mouth and assessment of the conservation status of the river". African Journal of Aquatic Science. 25 (1).
  • Nakayama, Mikiyasu (2003). International Waters in Southern Africa. United Nations University Press. ISBN 92-808-1077-4. Google eBook.
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