Cycling at the Summer Paralympics
Cycling has been contested at every Summer Paralympic Games since the 1984 Summer Paralympics. From an original program of seven road races, the sport is now contested on both road and track, and since 2012 the cycling program at the Paralympics is typically the third largest of any sport in the Games, behind athletics and swimming, and running at approximately 50 separate events.
| Cycling at the Summer Paralympics | |
|---|---|
_pictogram_(Paralympics).svg.png.webp) | |
| Governing body | IPC |
| Events | 44 (men: 30; women: 12; mixed: 2) |
| Games | |
| |
Summary of editions
| Games | Year | Events | Best Nation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | not held | |||
| 2 | not held | |||
| 3 | not held | |||
| 4 | not held | |||
| 5 | not held | |||
| 6 | not held | |||
| 7 | 1984 | 7 |  Norway | |
| 8 | 1988 | 7 | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} South Korea | |
| 9 | 1992 | 9 |  Germany | |
| 10 | 1996 | 23 |  Australia | |
| 11 | 2000 | 27 | Australia | |
| 12 | 2004 | 31 | Australia | |
| 13 | 2008 | 44 |  Great Britain | |
| 14 | 2012 | 50 | Great Britain | |
| 15 | 2016 | 50 | Great Britain | |
| 16 | 2020 | 51 | Great Britain | |
Classification
Cyclists with visual impairments are paired with a sighted pilot. Here Scott McPhee pilots to Kieran Modra's stocker.
Cyclists are given a classification depending on the type and extent of their disability. The classification system allows cyclists to compete against others with a similar level of function.[1]
At the 2008 Summer Paralympics and earlier, classes were:
- B&VI 1–3: Cyclists with a visual impairment, using a tandem bicycle
- LC 1–4: Cyclists with a locomotor disability, including those with amputations
- CP 1–4: Cyclists with cerebral palsy, using a tricycle (CP 1–2) or bicycle (CP 3–4)
- HC A, B, and C: Cyclists using a handcycle
At the 2012 Summer Paralympics, a functional para-cycling classification system was used.
- B: Cyclists with a vision impairment, using a tandem bicycle
- T 1–2: Cyclists with cerebral palsy, MS or similar neuro-motor impairment, using a tricycle
- C 1–5: Cyclists with amputations, neuromotor or musculoskeletal impairment, using a bicycle
- H 1–4: Cyclists using a handcycle
Factoring
In some cycling events, cyclists with different classifications compete against each other for one set of medals. Many (but not all) such events are factored, reducing the times of riders in lower classifications to take their greater impairment into account. Factoring percentages are based on average race times by riders in each classification.[2]
At the 2012 Summer Paralympics, factored races included the mixed tricycle time trial, Women's C1–3 road time trial,[3] Women's H1–2 road time trial and track C1–3 and C4–5 events.
Road cycling
Men's events
| Current events | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Events | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 | Years |
| Road race | - | - | X | - | - | X | X | X | X | X | 6 |
| Time trial | X | X | X | X | - | X | X | X | X | X | 9 |
| Past events | |||||||||||
| Events | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 | Years |
| Team tandem open, time trial | - | - | X | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Women's events
| Nation | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Road race | X | - | - | - | - | X | X | X | X | X | 6 |
| Time trial | X | - | X | - | - | X | X | X | X | X | 7 |
Mixed events
| Current events | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Events | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 | Years |
| Team relay | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | X | X | X | 3 |
| Past events | |||||||||||
| Events | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 | Years |
| Road race | - | - | - | X | X | - | X | X | - | - | 4 |
| Time trial | - | - | - | X | X | - | X | X | - | - | 4 |
Medal table
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Germany (GER) | 21 | 20 | 15 | 56 |
| 2 |  United States (USA) | 19 | 28 | 20 | 67 |
| 3 | Great Britain (GBR) | 17 | 12 | 7 | 36 |
| 4 | Australia (AUS) | 14 | 15 | 15 | 44 |
| 5 |  France (FRA) | 14 | 6 | 14 | 34 |
| 6 |  Netherlands (NED) | 13 | 10 | 11 | 34 |
| 7 |  Italy (ITA) | 12 | 13 | 8 | 33 |
| 8 |  Spain (ESP) | 9 | 8 | 12 | 29 |
| 9 | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Canada (CAN) | 9 | 8 | 9 | 26 |
| 10 |  Austria (AUT) | 7 | 9 | 7 | 23 |
| 11 |  Ireland (IRL) | 6 | 2 | 3 | 11 |
| 12 |  Poland (POL) | 5 | 6 | 2 | 13 |
| 13 |  Czech Republic (CZE) | 5 | 3 | 5 | 13 |
| 14 |  Switzerland (SUI) | 4 | 6 | 7 | 17 |
| 15 | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Belgium (BEL) | 4 | 5 | 7 | 16 |
| 16 |  China (CHN) | 3 | 6 | 5 | 14 |
| 17 |  South Korea (KOR) | 3 | 5 | 5 | 13 |
| 18 |  Slovakia (SVK) | 3 | 3 | 2 | 8 |
| 19 |  Japan (JPN) | 3 | 2 | 6 | 11 |
| 20 |  South Africa (RSA) | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 |
| 21 |  Ukraine (UKR) | 3 | 2 | 0 | 5 |
| 22 | Norway (NOR) | 3 | 1 | 3 | 7 |
| 23 |  Belarus (BLR) | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
| 24 |  RPC (RPC) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 25 |  Denmark (DEN) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 26 |  Sweden (SWE) | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 27 | Czechoslovakia (TCH) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
 Finland (FIN) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | |
 Romania (ROU) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | |
| 30 |  New Zealand (NZL) | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 |
| 31 | West Germany (FRG) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 32 |  Brazil (BRA) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
 Portugal (POR) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| 34 |  Israel (ISR) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 35 |  Colombia (COL) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
 Lebanon (LIB) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | |
| 37 |  Argentina (ARG) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
 Russia (RUS) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Totals (38 entries) | 186 | 186 | 181 | 553 | |
Track cycling
Men's events
| Current events | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Event | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 | Years | |||
| Bicycle, individual pursuit | - | - | X | X | X | X | X | 5 | |||
| Bicycle, time trial | - | - | X | X | X | X | X | 5 | |||
| Tandem, individual pursuit | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 7 | |||
| Tandem, time trial | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 7 | |||
| Past events | |||||||||||
| Events | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 | Years | |||
| Bicycle, team sprint | - | - | X | X | - | - | - | 2 | |||
| Tandem, sprint | X | X | X | X | - | - | - | 4 | |||
Women's events
| Current events | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Events | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 | Years | |||
| Bicycle, individual pursuit | - | - | - | - | X | X | X | 3 | |||
| Bicycle, 500m time trial | - | - | - | X | X | X | X | 4 | |||
| Tandem, individual pursuit | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 7 | |||
| Tandem, 1 km time trial | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | 7 | |||
| Past events | |||||||||||
| Events | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 | Years | |||
| Bicycle, 1 km time trial | - | - | X | - | - | X | - | 2 | |||
| Tandem, sprint | - | - | X | - | - | - | - | 1 | |||
Mixed events
| Current events | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Events | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 | Years | |||
| Team, sprint | - | X | - | - | X | X | X | 4 | |||
| Past events | |||||||||||
| Events | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 | Years | |||
| Omnium | X | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | |||
| Tandem open, individual pursuit | X | X | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | |||
| Tandem open, sprint | X | X | - | - | X | X | - | 4 | |||
| Tandem open, time trial | X | X | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | |||
Medal table
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Great Britain (GBR) | 34 | 18 | 9 | 61 |
| 2 | Australia (AUS) | 27 | 20 | 19 | 66 |
| 3 | China (CHN) | 10 | 9 | 12 | 31 |
| 4 | United States (USA) | 7 | 13 | 12 | 32 |
| 5 | Netherlands (NED) | 6 | 6 | 5 | 17 |
| 6 | Italy (ITA) | 5 | 2 | 6 | 13 |
| 7 | Spain (ESP) | 4 | 7 | 9 | 20 |
| 8 | France (FRA) | 4 | 5 | 7 | 16 |
| 9 | Czech Republic (CZE) | 3 | 4 | 5 | 12 |
| 10 | Slovakia (SVK) | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 |
| 11 | Germany (GER) | 2 | 8 | 7 | 17 |
| 12 | Japan (JPN) | 2 | 5 | 0 | 7 |
| 13 | New Zealand (NZL) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7 |
| 14 | Austria (AUT) | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 |
| 15 | Romania (ROU) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 16 | Switzerland (SUI) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Ukraine (UKR) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
| 18 | Belarus (BLR) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| RPC (RPC) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| 20 | Canada (CAN) | 0 | 5 | 5 | 10 |
| 21 | Ireland (IRL) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 22 | Norway (NOR) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 23 | Poland (POL) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 24 | South Korea (KOR) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 25 | Colombia (COL) | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 26 | Belgium (BEL) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 27 | Argentina (ARG) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| South Africa (RSA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Totals (28 entries) | 115 | 115 | 115 | 345 | |
Overall medal table
Updated to 2020 Summer Paralympics. Countries in italics are former countries who participated in the Paralympics.[4]
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Great Britain | 51 | 30 | 16 | 97 |
| 2 | Australia | 41 | 35 | 34 | 110 |
| 3 | United States | 26 | 41 | 32 | 99 |
| 4 | Germany | 23 | 28 | 22 | 73 |
| 5 | Netherlands | 19 | 16 | 16 | 51 |
| 6 | France | 18 | 11 | 21 | 50 |
| 7 | Italy | 17 | 15 | 14 | 46 |
| 8 | Spain | 13 | 15 | 21 | 49 |
| 9 | China | 13 | 15 | 17 | 45 |
| 10 | Canada | 9 | 13 | 14 | 36 |
| 11 | Austria | 8 | 12 | 8 | 28 |
| 12 | Czech Republic | 8 | 7 | 10 | 25 |
| 13 | Slovakia | 6 | 5 | 4 | 15 |
| 14 | Ireland | 6 | 4 | 4 | 14 |
| 15 | Japan | 5 | 7 | 6 | 18 |
| 16 | Poland | 5 | 7 | 3 | 15 |
| 17 | Switzerland | 5 | 6 | 8 | 19 |
| 18 | Belgium | 4 | 5 | 9 | 18 |
| 19 | Ukraine | 4 | 2 | 1 | 7 |
| 20 | Belarus | 4 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 21 | South Korea | 3 | 6 | 5 | 14 |
| 22 | Norway | 3 | 2 | 5 | 10 |
| 23 | South Africa | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 |
| 24 | RPC | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| 25 | New Zealand | 2 | 3 | 7 | 12 |
| 26 | Romania | 1 | 3 | 0 | 4 |
| 27 | Denmark | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 28 | Sweden | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 29 | Czechoslovakia (TCH) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Finland | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | |
| 31 | West Germany (FRG) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 32 | Brazil | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Portugal | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| 34 | Israel | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 35 | Colombia | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 |
| 36 | Argentina | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Lebanon | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | |
| 38 | Russia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (38 entries) | 301 | 301 | 296 | 898 | |
Nations
| Nation | 60 | 64 | 68 | 72 | 76 | 80 | 84 | 88 | 92 | 96 | 00 | 04 | 08 | 12 | 16 | 20 | Total | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Afghanistan (AFG) | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Albania (ALB) | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Argentina (ARG) | 1 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Australia (AUS) | 1 | 8 | 14 | 22 | 19 | 17 | 15 | 15 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Austria (AUT) | 1 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 11 | 7 | 4 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
 Barbados (BAR) | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Belarus (BLR) | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Belgium (BEL) | 3 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
 Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH) | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brazil (BRA) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 7 | |||||||||||||||||||||
 Burkina Faso (BUR) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Canada (CAN) | 4 | 3 | 15 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||
| China (CHN) | 6 | 8 | 8 | 11 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Colombia (COL) | 1 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Costa Rica (CRC) | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Croatia (CRO) | 1 | 2 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Cuba (CUB) | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Czech Republic (CZE) | 3 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Czechoslovakia (TCH) | 1 | 3 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Denmark (DEN) | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Dominican Republic (DOM) | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Estonia (EST) | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Finland (FIN) | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| France (FRA) | 1 | 6 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 9 | 9 | 14 | 5 | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Germany (GER) | 9 | 13 | 13 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 7 | |||||||||||||||||||||
 Ghana (GHA) | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Great Britain (GBR) | 1 | 1 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 12 | 19 | 20 | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||
 Greece (GRE) | 4 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Haiti (HAI) | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Hungary (HUN) | 2 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Iran (IRI) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ireland (IRL) | 1 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Israel (ISR) | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Italy (ITA) | 8 | 12 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 13 | 13 | 7 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Japan (JPN) | 2 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lebanon (LBN) | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Luxembourg (LUX) | 1 | 2 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Malaysia (MAS) | 2 | 4 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Mexico (MEX) | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Netherlands (NED) | 3 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 11 | 18 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| New Zealand (NZL) | 2 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Norway (NOR) | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||
 Pakistan (PAK) | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Peru (PER) | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poland (POL) | 3 | 6 | 6 | 12 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Portugal (POR) | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Romania (ROU) | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Russia (RUS) | 2 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Serbia (SRB) | 2 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Singapore (SGP) | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Slovakia (SVK) | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
 Slovenia (SLO) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| South Africa (RSA) | 4 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| South Korea (KOR) | 10 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Spain (ESP) | 17 | 26 | 23 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 12 | 7 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Sweden (SWE) | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Switzerland (SUI) | 6 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 7 | 7 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Ukraine (UKR) | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Unified Team (EUN) | 2 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States (USA) | 3 | 11 | 30 | 35 | 35 | 18 | 13 | 17 | 24 | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||
 Venezuela (VEN) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| West Germany (FRG) | 3 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nations | 8 | 11 | 19 | 23 | 25 | 39 | 39 | 48 | 45 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Competitors | 22 | 40 | 149 | 181 | 202 | 196 | 220 | 223 | 235 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Year | 60 | 64 | 68 | 72 | 76 | 80 | 84 | 88 | 92 | 96 | 00 | 04 | 08 | 12 | 16 | 20 | |||||||||||||
See also
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cycling at the Summer Paralympics.
- Cycling Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine, Canadian Paralympic Committee
- "Paralympics: Cyclist wins GB's first medal". Channel 4. 30 August 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
- "Cycling - Road". Australian Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
- https://resultsapg.hangzhou2022.com.cn/rds/sports/CYC/historyMedal?index=6
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