DIEP flap

A DIEP flap is type of breast reconstruction where blood vessels, fat, and skin from the lower belly are relocated to the chest to rebuild breasts after mastectomy.[1] DIEP stands for the deep inferior epigastric perforator artery, which runs through the abdomen. This is a type of autologous reconstruction, meaning one's own tissue is used.

DIEP flap
SpecialtyPlastic surgery

Overview

The DIEP flap reconstruction procedure is similar to the muscle-sparing free TRAM flap procedure, but it only requires the removal of skin and fat. Unlike in the TRAM procedure, however, no muscle is sacrificed.[1] The DIEP flap—like the TRAM flap—requires an incision into the abdominal (rectus) muscle, as the blood vessels, or perforators, required to keep the tissue alive lie just beneath or within this muscle. Therefore, a small incision is made in the abdominal muscle in order to access the vessels.

After the skin, tissues and perforators (collectively known as the "flap") have been dissected, the flap is transplanted and connected to the patient's chest using microsurgery. The plastic surgeon then shapes the flap to create the new breast. As no abdominal muscle is removed or transferred to the breast, patients typically see a lower risk of losing abdominal muscle strength and may experience a faster recovery compared to TRAM flap patients.[1] Studies comparing abdominal results with the muscle-sparing free TRAM and the DIEP show that abdominal wall hernias occur less frequently in DIEP patients, although the abdominal wall bulge rates are similar for both procedures.[2]

Many women who undergo this form of reconstruction enjoy the added benefit of a flatter abdomen with results that mimic a “tummy tuck” procedure. However, one risk of these procedures is the potential denervation of the abdominal musculature following the DIEP dissection. The initial DIEP flap reconstruction takes an average of six to eight hours, however surgeries lasting 16 hours or even longer are not unheard of.[3]

DIEP flap breast reconstruction is typically performed by the Plastic Surgery team (rather than the Breast Surgery team) so is only available in centres with Plastic Surgery support. It is a more complicated operation than other autologous or alloplastic options, but provides significantly better cosmetic results, which means better psychological outcomes and with a lower risk of reconstruction failure.[4] Recent advances in preoperative imaging of the blood vessels in the abdomen (using CT or MRI scans), operative time and complication rates can be reduced in DIEP flap breast reconstruction.[4]

In non-medical terms

DIEP flap surgery is a type of breast reconstruction after a mastectomy of a single or both breasts by using abdominal fat, skin, and blood vessels from the patient's own body.

Natural breast tissue

Natural fat tissue is harvested from the belly and used to replace the breast tissue removed during mastectomy. The breast will also gain weight and lose weight in line with the rest of the body so that both breasts will retain symmetry of size. Usually there is no long term follow-up surgery required in the future as may be the case with silicone implants, however patients may require a longer hospital stay at the time of the operation to monitor the flap in the immediate post-operative phase where those receiving implants can sometimes be done as a day case.

Timing of the reconstruction

The operation can be performed at the time of the mastectomy (immediate breast reconstruction) or at a later time point (delayed breast reconstruction). Reasons to delay the operation include: surgeon preference, patient preference, advanced tumor requiring radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy, or because of a complication with an immediate breast reconstruction. The DIEP flap, because it can restore both the surface area and volume of a breast, is ideal for both immediate and delayed breast reconstruction.[5]

Recovery

Recovery from a DIEP flap happens in stages. Most patients leave the hospital in approximately 4 days, feel capable of doing most activities on their own after 3–4 weeks, and have no surgical restrictions by 6–8 weeks. Most patients are able to return to normal activities in 3–4 months.[6]

Abdominoplasty

The harvesting of abdominal fat and belly skin generally provides an aesthetic benefit to the abdomen. It is often likened to an abdominoplasty or "tummy tuck", however the two procedures have notable differences.[7]

Similarities to an abdominoplasty
  • Tissue removed: Excess abdominal adipose tissue and skin are removed in both procedures while also preserving the abdominal muscles. Upper abdominal skin is stretched taut to close the incision. The belly button is reattached through a new opening.
  • Incision pattern: Both procedures remove a football-shaped area of skin and fat resulting in a hip-to-hip scar. The scar is often low enough to be hidden by underwear, however some DIEP patients end up with a higher than ideal scar due to their anatomical tissue distribution needed for the breast reconstruction.
  • Aesthetic results: All patients generally benefit from a flatter abdomen and improved waist contour.

Differences from an abdominoplasty
  • Abdominal wall tightening: A hallmark of the tummy tuck is that surgeons use internal sutures to close the separation of the rectus abdominis muscles (diastasis recti).[8] This creates a smooth and firm result. This is not always a part of DIEP flap breast reconstruction and varies by surgeon.
  • Surgeon training: DIEP flap surgery requires the expertise of highly trained microsurgeons who are skilled in harvesting blood vessels and sensory nerves.[1] No special care for blood vessels or sensory nerves is necessary for a tummy tuck, and standard trained plastic surgeons are capable of that procedure.
  • Purpose of procedure: A tummy tuck is a cosmetic procedure used to give the abdomen a slimmer appearance. DIEP flap reconstruction is procedure that reconstructs breasts after a single or double mastectomy due to breast cancer.
  • Length of surgery/hospital stay: A DIEP flap reconstruction surgery takes about six to eight hours on average.[1] If the mastectomy is performed during the same procedure, the length of time will be hours longer. Patients recovering from DIEP flap reconstruction remain in the hospital for several days.[1] A tummy tuck typically takes about three hours.[9] It is often an out-patient procedure with no need for the patient to stay overnight in the hospital.[10]

Compared to a standard tummy tuck where excess abdominal skin and fat are removed, the DIEP flap procedure involves a longer recovery time as significant surgery is performed to the 2 vertical abdominal Rectus muscles in the process of careful "scratching" and finding the tiny blood vessel or "perforators" required to provide blood supply to the fat tissues. These are the "sit up" muscles or also known as the 6-pack muscles. They are essential muscles of the abdominal core and take some time to heal. Seven percent[10] of patients reported long-term abdominal muscle weakness. Less than 4%[11] of DIEP flap patients displayed clinically significant abdominal bulge, or hernia occurred. The reasons for this vary, though wound healing issues and sacrificing nerves seem to be correlated[11] with increased incidence of an abdominal bulge or hernia. A corrective surgery placing supportive mesh can be performed to provide strength to the abdominal wall if needed.[12]

Breast lift

Another benefit of this operation is that both breast are given a breast lift. This will leave permanent scarring. The extent and placement of the incisions and scars varies according to preference and skill of the surgeon. The lift is achieved by reattaching the nipple higher up on the breast and removing excess skin. The usually ample amount of tummy fat allows to the surgeon to give the patient an increase in breast size for women with smaller breasts.

Once-off operation

DIEP flap reconstruction can be performed once only. In the case of a single mastectomy, the second breast cannot be rebuilt at a later time with a flap of fat tissue from the belly.[13] For this reason, some patients may choose to perform a mastectomy and DIEP flap reconstruction on the non-cancerous breast at the same time to reduce the chance of later development of cancer and improve the overall reconstruction outcome.

Areolae and nipples

Unless a nipple sparing mastectomy was performed, the areola and nipple of the cancerous breast is discarded in this operation. If the patient chooses, new nipples and areolae are formed as a follow-up procedure through surgery and a tattoo[14] process. Some women are satisfied without a nipple and choose to forgo nipple reconstruction and areola tattoo process.

Loss of sensation

Sensation in the nipples, much of the breast and an area surrounding the tummy tuck scar is significantly less after this operation, as microsurgery is routinely focused on vascular supply leaving the nerves untreated.[15] Although it is more technically challenging, cutaneous sensation can potentially be restored by identifying and connecting intercostal nerve branches.[16]

References
  1. "DIEP Flap". www.breastcancer.org. Retrieved 2023-03-03.
  2. Garvey PB, Buchel EW, Pockaj BA, Casey WJ, Gray RJ, Hernández JL, Samson TD (May 2006). "DIEP and pedicled TRAM flaps: a comparison of outcomes". Plast Reconstr Surg. 117 (6): 1711–9, discussion 1720–1. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000210679.77449.7d. PMID 16651940. S2CID 27204825.
  3. "DIEP Flap". www.breastcancer.org. Retrieved 2023-04-07.
  4. Wade RG, Watford J, Wormald JC, Bramhall RJ, Figus A, iBRA Steering Group; Breast Reconstruction Research Collaborative (April 2018). "Perforator mapping reduces the operative time of DIEP flap breast reconstruction: A systematic review and meta-analysis of preoperative ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography" (PDF). J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 71 (4): 468–477. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2017.12.012. PMID 29289500.
  5. Dec, Wojciech. "MD". diep.nyc. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  6. Minas Chrysopoulo, MD | San Antonio; Wednesday, October 4. "Recovery after DIEP flap breast reconstruction". American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  7. "Is DIEP Flap Surgery the Same as a Tummy Tuck". PRMA. 2020-07-21. Retrieved 2022-06-10.
  8. Corstange, Brittany (2022-09-19). ""High Def" DIEP Flaps: Maximizing the Aesthetic Outcome of the Abdomen". NYBRA. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
  9. "Tummy tuck - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
  10. "Tummy tuck - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 2022-06-10.
  11. Haddock, Nicholas T.; Culver, Abby J.; Teotia, Sumeet S. (September 2021). "Abdominal weakness, bulge, or hernia after DIEP flaps: An algorithm of management, prevention, and surgical repair with classification". Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery: JPRAS. 74 (9): 2194–2201. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2020.12.044. ISSN 1878-0539. PMID 33487570.
  12. "Causes & Correction of Abdominal Wall Weakness or Bulges after Abdominal-Based Breast Reconstruction | PRMA". prma-enhance.com. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  13. "DIEP Flap". www.breastcancer.org. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
  14. "Areola and Nipple Tattoo Guide - All You Need to Know". www.pmuhub.com. 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
  15. Sinis N, Lamia A, Gudrun H, Schoeller T, Werdin F (2012). "Sensory reinnervation of free flaps in reconstruction of the breast and the upper and lower extremities". Neural Regen Res. 7 (29): 2279–85. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.29.006. PMC 4268729. PMID 25538750.
  16. Guidubaldo Querci della Rovere; John R. Benson; Maurizio Nava (2010-11-23). Oncoplastic and Reconstructive Surgery of the Breast, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-1-84184-761-0.
  • DIEP flap entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from Dictionary of Cancer Terms. U.S. National Cancer Institute.

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