Darshana Upanishad

Gavin Flood dates the text to around 100 BCE to 300 CE.[10] Georg Feuerstein suggests the text probably post-dates the Yogasutras.[11]

This Upanishad is also referred to as Yoga Darshana Upanishad,[12] Jabala Darshana Upanishad, Jābāladarṣana Upanishad,[13] and Darśanopaniṣad (दर्शनोपनिषत्).[14][1] It is listed at number 90 in the serial order of the Muktika enumerated by Rama to Hanuman in the modern era anthology of 108 Upanishads.[15]

The Upanishad is structured into ten sections (or chapters) of unequal length with two hundred and nine verses.[7][14] The text is structured as a discourse by Hindu god Dattatreya to sage Sankriti on Yoga.[12]

The text presents a fusion of Hatha Yoga and eight limbed Patanjali Yogasutras methodology, on a foundation of Vedanta and Yoga philosophies.[2][4] The first and second chapters describe ethics of a Yogi, as necessary for success in Yoga.[2][16] Many asanas (yogic postures) are mentioned, and nine explained in chapter 3.[2] Chapter 4 asserts that god (Shiva) is within the temple of one's body, and the best pilgrimage is something one can make daily to this inner world.[2][17] Some subsections in chapter 5 discuss its theory of blood vessels and inner energy flows, along with techniques for inner cleansing.[18] One of the largest chapters is dedicated to breathing exercises, while the last four chapters describe steps for concentration, introspection, meditation, self-knowledge and ultimately union of the Self (Atman) with the Absolute Reality (Brahman).[18][8][1]

The first chapter of the Upanishad has 25 verses describing the Yamas or virtuous restraints;[21] the second chapter with 16 verses lists the Niyamas or virtuous disciplines;[22] the third chapter's 13 verses gives explanation on the yogic Asanas or exercise postures;[23] while the fourth chapter, which is the longest, has 63 verses on its theory of the human body, the nadis or the blood vessels.[24]

Asanas in Darshana Upanishad

Gomukhasana Lotus position or Padmasana Virasana Simhasana The text describes the following yoga Asana Svastikasana, Gomukhasana, Padmasana, Virasana, Simhasana, Bhadrasana, Muktasana, Mayurasana and Sukhasana. [25] [26]

The fifth chapter's 14 verses is a further elaboration on the previous section giving detailed procedure for inner cleansing or purification;[27] the sixth chapter with 51 verses elaborates on Pranayama or breath exercises;[28] the seventh chapter through its 14 verses explains Pratyahara or the ability to withdrawal senses from the external world;[29] the eighth chapter with nine verses on concentration or Dharana;[30] the ninth chapter has six verses describing meditation or Dhyana;[31] and the last chapter in its 12 slokas deals with the samadhi stage of yoga which is attained when the Yogin realizes "the Atman (Self) is identical with Brahman".[9] The text enunciates esoteric theories comparing the human body and blood veins with the terrestrial features of the earth such as river channels with their sacred fjords.[18]

The text is notable for presenting its ideas inclusively with some sections opening or closing with praises for Hindu gods Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma, Dattatreya or Shakti Devis, but the core of text is techniques discussed in nontheistic terminology and Vedantic.[32][33] The axiology in the text includes a discussion of the value of Yamas and Niyamas,[34] such as non-violence, truthfulness, compassion, abstinence from anger, temperance in food (Mitahara), among others.[35][4] The text details yogic postures such as Svastikasana, Gomukhasana, Padmasana, Virasana, Simhasana, Bhadrasana, Muktasana, Mayurasana and Sukhasana.[25] These Asanas are discussed in various breathing and cleansing exercises in later sections.[36] The Upanishad thereafter proceeds to presenting its Vedantic ideas on meditation and nondualism, stating its premise in verse 7.13-7.14, that the Yogin should ascertain his Atman (Self) in the "nondual, cosmic Atman" (Brahman, unchanging, ultimate reality).[9][37][38]

• Hatha yoga
• Yoga (philosophy)
• Yogatattva Upanishad
• Yoga Vasistha

Bibliography

• Ayyangar, TR Srinivasa (1938). The Yoga Upanishads. The Adyar Library.
• Burley, Mikel (2000). Haṭha-Yoga: Its Context, Theory, and Practice. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8120817067.
• Derek (Tr), Coltman (1989). Yoga and the Hindu Tradition (John Varenne). Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0543-9.
• Deussen, Paul (1 January 1997). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1467-7.
• Deussen, Paul (2010). The Philosophy of the Upanishads. Oxford University Press (Reprinted by Cosimo). ISBN 978-1-61640-239-6.
• Flood, Gavin D. (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521438780.
• Sastri, P A Mahadeva (1920). "Darshana Upanishad (manuscript in Sanskrit, page 152 onwards)". Hathi Trust. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
• Hattangadi, Sunder (2000). "जाबालदर्शनोपनिषत् (Jabaladarsana Upanishad)" (PDF) (in Sanskrit). Retrieved 17 January 2016.
• Larson, Gerald James; Bhattacharya, Ram Shankar (2008). Yoga : India's Philosophy of Meditation. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3349-4.