Data publishing

Data publishing (also data publication) is the act of releasing research data in published form for use by others. It is a practice consisting in preparing certain data or data set(s) for public use thus to make them available to everyone to use as they wish. This practice is an integral part of the open science movement. There is a large and multidisciplinary consensus on the benefits resulting from this practice.[1][2][3]

Not to be confused with Database publishing.

The main goal is to elevate data to be first class research outputs.[4] There are a number of initiatives underway as well as points of consensus and issues still in contention.[5]

There are several distinct ways to make research data available, including:

  • publishing data as supplemental material associated with a research article, typically with the data files hosted by the publisher of the article
  • hosting data on a publicly available website, with files available for download
  • hosting data in a repository that has been developed to support data publication, e.g. figshare, Dryad, Dataverse, Zenodo. A large number of general and specialty (such as by research topic) data repositories exist.[6] For example, the UK Data Service enables users to deposit data collections and re-share these for research purposes.
  • publishing a data paper about the dataset, which may be published as a preprint, in a regular journal, or in a data journal that is dedicated to supporting data papers. The data may be hosted by the journal or hosted separately in a data repository.

Publishing data allows researchers to both make their data available to others to use, and enables datasets to be cited similarly to other research publication types (such as articles or books), thereby enabling producers of datasets to gain academic credit for their work.

The motivations for publishing data may range for a desire to make research more accessible, to enable citability of datasets, or research funder or publisher mandates that require open data publishing. The UK Data Service is one key organisation working with others to raise the importance of citing data correctly[7] and helping researchers to do so.

Solutions to preserve privacy within data publishing has been proposed, including privacy protection algorithms, data ”masking” methods, and regional privacy level calculation algorithm.[8]

Methods for publishing data

Data files as supplementary material

A large number of journals and publishers support supplementary material being attached to research articles, including datasets. Though historically such material might have been distributed only by request or on microform to libraries, journals today typically host such material online. Supplementary material is available to subscribers to the journal or, if the article or journal is open access, to everyone.

Data repositories

There are a large number of data repositories, on both general and specialized topics. Many repositories are disciplinary repositories, focused on a particular research discipline such as the UK Data Service which is a trusted digital repository of social, economic and humanities data. Repositories may be free for researchers to upload their data or may charge a one-time or ongoing fee for hosting the data. These repositories offer a publicly accessible web interface for searching and browsing hosted datasets, and may include additional features such as a digital object identifier, for permanent citation of the data, and linking to associated published papers and code.

Data papers

Data papers or data articles are “scholarly publication of a searchable metadata document describing a particular on-line accessible dataset, or a group of datasets, published in accordance to the standard academic practices”.[9] Their final aim is to provide “information on the what, where, why, how and who of the data”.[4] The intent of a data paper is to offer descriptive information on the related dataset(s) focusing on data collection, distinguishing features, access and potential reuse rather than on data processing and analysis.[10] Because data papers are considered academic publications no different than other types of papers, they allow scientists sharing data to receive credit in currency recognizable within the academic system, thus "making data sharing count".[11] This provides not only an additional incentive to share data, but also through the peer review process, increases the quality of metadata and thus reusability of the shared data.

Thus data papers represent the scholarly communication approach to data sharing. Despite their potentiality, data papers are not the ultimate and complete solution for all the data sharing and reuse issues and, in some cases, they are considered to induce false expectations in the research community.[12]

Data journals

Data papers are supported by a rich array of data journals, some of which are "pure", i.e. they are dedicated to publish data papers only, while others – the majority – are "mixed", i.e. they publish a number of articles types including data papers.

A comprehensive survey on data journals is available.[13] A non-exhaustive list of data journals has been compiled by staff at the University of Edinburgh.[14]

Examples of "pure" data journals are: Earth System Science Data, Journal of Open Archaeology Data, Open Health Data, Polar Data Journal, and Scientific Data.

Examples of "mixed" journals publishing data papers are: Biodiversity Data Journal, F1000Research, GigaScience, GigaByte, PLOS ONE, and SpringerPlus.

Data citation
A data citation example

Data citation is the provision of accurate, consistent and standardised referencing for datasets just as bibliographic citations are provided for other published sources like research articles or monographs. Typically the well established Digital Object Identifier (DOI) approach is used with DOIs taking users to a website that contains the metadata on the dataset and the dataset itself.[15][16]

History of development

A 2011 paper reported an inability to determine how often data citation happened in social sciences.[17]

2012-13 papers reported that data citation was becoming more common but the practice for it was not standard.[18][19][20]

In 2014 FORCE 11 published the Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles covering the purpose, function and attributes of data citation.[21]

In October 2018 CrossRef expressed its support for cataloging datasets and recommending their citation.[22]

A popular data-oriented journal reported in April 2019 that it would now use data citations.[23]

A June 2019 paper suggested that increased data citation will make the practice more valuable for everyone by encouraging data sharing and also by increasing the prestige of people who share.[24]

Data citation is an emerging topic in computer science and it has been defined as a computational problem.[25] Indeed, citing data poses significant challenges to computer scientists and the main problems to address are related to:[26]

  • the use of heterogeneous data models and formats – e.g., relational databases, Comma-Separated Values (CSV), Extensible Markup Language (XML),[27][28] Resource Description Framework (RDF);[29]
  • the transience of data;
  • the necessity to cite data at different levels of coarseness – i.e., deep citations;[30]
  • the necessity to automatically generate citations to data with variable granularity.

See also

References
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  2. Smith VS (2009). "Data publication: towards a database of everything". BMC Research Notes. 2 (113): 113. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-2-113. PMC 2702265. PMID 19552813.
  3. Lawrence, B; Jones, C.; Matthews, B.; Pepler, S.; Callaghan, S. (2011). "Citation and Peer Review of Data: Moving Towards Formal Data Publication". International Journal of Digital Curation. 6 (2): 4–37. doi:10.2218/ijdc.v6i2.205.
  4. Callaghan S, Donegan S, Pepler S, Thorley M, Cunningham N, Kirsch P, Ault L, Bell P, Bowie R, Leadbetter A, Lowry R, Moncoiffé G, Harrison K, Smith-Haddon B, Weatherby A, Wright D (2012). "Making data a first class scientific output: Data citation and publication by NERCs environmental data centres". International Journal of Digital Curation. 7 (1): 107–113. doi:10.2218/ijdc.v7i1.218.
  5. Kratz J, Strasser C (2014). "Data publication consensus and controversies". F1000Research. 3 (94): 94. doi:10.12688/f1000research.4518. PMC 4097345. PMID 25075301.
  6. Assante, M.; Candela, L.; Castelli, D.; Tani, A. (2016). "Are Scientific Data Repositories Coping with Research Data Publishing?". Data Science Journal. 15. doi:10.5334/dsj-2016-006.
  7. Service, UK Data. "New to using data". UK Data Service.
  8. Zhang, Longbin; Wang, Yuxiang; Xu, Xiaoliang (August 2017). "Logic-Partition Based Gaussian Sampling for Online Aggregation". 2017 Fifth International Conference on Advanced Cloud and Big Data (CBD). IEEE. pp. 182–187. doi:10.1109/cbd.2017.39. ISBN 978-1-5386-1072-5. S2CID 40025084.
  9. Chavan, V. & Penev, L. (2011). "The data paper: a mechanism to incentivize data publishing in biodiversity science". BMC Bioinformatics. 12 (15): S2. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-12-S15-S2. PMC 3287445. PMID 22373175.
  10. Newman Paul; Corke Peter (2009). "Data papers — peer reviewed publication of high quality data sets". International Journal of Robotics Research. 28 (5): 587. doi:10.1177/0278364909104283. S2CID 209308576.
  11. Gorgolewski KJ, Margulies DS, Milham MP (2013). "Making data sharing count: a publication-based solution". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 7: 9. doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00009. PMC 3565154. PMID 23390412.
  12. Parsons, M.A.; Fox, P.A. (2013). "Is data publication the right metaphor?". Data Science Journal. 12: WDS31–WDS46. doi:10.2481/dsj.WDS-042.
  13. Candela L, Castelli D, Manghi P, Tani A (2015). "Data Journals: A Survey". Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 66 (1): 1747–1762. doi:10.1002/asi.23358. S2CID 31358007.
  14. "Sources of dataset peer review - datashare - Wiki Service".
  15. Australian National Data Service: Data Citation Awareness Archived 2012-03-07 at the Wayback Machine (Accessed 20 March 2012)
  16. Ball, A., Duke, M. (2011). 'Data Citation and Linking'. DCC Briefing Papers. Edinburgh: Digital Curation Centre. Available online: http://www.dcc.ac.uk/resources/briefing-papers/
  17. MOONEY, Hailey (April 2011). "Citing data sources in the social sciences: do authors do it?". Learned Publishing. 24 (2): 99–108. doi:10.1087/20110204. S2CID 34513423.
  18. Edmunds, Scott C.; Pollard, Tom J.; Hole, Brian; Basford, Alexandra T. (2012-07-02). "Adventures in data citation: sorghum genome data exemplifies the new gold standard". BMC Research Notes. 5 (1): 223. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-5-223. ISSN 1756-0500. PMC 3392744. PMID 22571506.
  19. "Out of Cite, Out of Mind: The Current State of Practice, Policy, and Technology for the Citation of Data". Data Science Journal. 12: CIDCR1–CIDCR75. 2013. doi:10.2481/dsj.OSOM13-043.
  20. Mooney, Hailey; Newton, Mark P. (2012). "The Anatomy of a Data Citation: Discovery, Reuse, and Credit". Academic Commons. Columbia University. 1 (1): eP1035. doi:10.7916/D8MW2STM.
  21. Data Citation Synthesis Group (2014). Martone, M. (ed.). "Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles". San Diego: Force11 Scholarly Communication Institute. doi:10.25490/a97f-egyk. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  22. Lin, Jennifer (4 October 2018). "Data citation: let's do this". Crossref.
  23. "Data citation needed". Scientific Data. 6 (1): 27. 10 April 2019. Bibcode:2019NatSD...6...27.. doi:10.1038/s41597-019-0026-5. PMC 6472333. PMID 30971699.
  24. Pierce, Heather H.; Dev, Anurupa; Statham, Emily; Bierer, Barbara E. (4 June 2019). "Credit data generators for data reuse". Nature. 570 (7759): 30–32. Bibcode:2019Natur.570...30P. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01715-4. PMID 31164773. S2CID 174809246.
  25. Buneman, Peter; Davidson, Susan; Frew, James (September 2016). "Why data citation is a computational problem". Communications of the ACM. 59 (9): 50–57. doi:10.1145/2893181. ISSN 0001-0782. PMC 5687090. PMID 29151602.
  26. Silvello, G. (2018). 'Theory and Practice of Data Citation'. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology (JASIST) (AIS Review), vol. 69 issue 1, pp. 6-20, 2018. Available online (open access): https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/asi.23917
  27. Buneman, P. and Silvello, G. (2010). 'A Rule-Based Citation System for Structured and Evolving Datasets'. IEEE Bulletin of the Technical Committee on Data Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 3. IEEE Computer Society, pp. 33-41, September 2010. Available online: http://sites.computer.org/debull/A10sept/buneman.pdf
  28. Silvello, G. (2017). 'Learning to Cite Framework: How to Automatically Construct Citations for Hierarchical Data'. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology (JASIST), Volume 68 issue 6, pp. 1505-1524, June 2017. Available online: http://www.dei.unipd.it/~silvello/papers/2016-DataCitation-JASIST-Silvello.pdf
  29. Silvello, G. (2015). 'A Methodology for Citing Linked Open Data Subsets'. D-Lib Magazine 21 (1/2), 2015. Available online: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january15/silvello/01silvello.html
  30. Buneman, P. (2006). 'How to Cite Curated Databases and how to Make Them Citable'. In Proc. of the 18th International Conference on Scientific and Statistical Database Management, SSDBM 2006, pages 195–203, 2006.
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