Anzac Day

Anzac Day (/ˈænzæk/; Māori: Rā Whakamahara ki ngā Hōia o Ahitereiria me Aotearoa[2] or Rā o ngā Hōia)[1] is a national day of remembrance in Australia and New Zealand that broadly commemorates all Australians and New Zealanders "who served and died in all wars, conflicts, and peacekeeping operations" and "the contribution and suffering of all those who have served".[3][4] Observed on 25 April each year, Anzac Day was originally devised to honour the members of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) who served in the Gallipoli campaign, their first engagement in the First World War (1914–1918).

Anzac Day
Anzac Day Dawn Service at Kings Park, Western Australia, 25 April 2009, 94th anniversary.
Also calledMāori: Rā o Ngā Hōia[1]
Observed byAustralia
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Cook Islands
New Zealand
Niue
Norfolk Island
Tokelau
Tonga
TypeCommemorative, patriotic, historic
SignificanceNational day of remembrance and first landing of the Anzacs at Gallipoli
ObservancesDawn services, commemorative marches, remembrance services
Date25 April
2024 dateThursday 25 of April
Next time25 April 2024 (2024-04)
FrequencyAnnual
Related toRemembrance Day
The remembrance poppy is an artificial flower that has been used since 1921 to commemorate war dead.
Flags on the cenotaph in Wellington for the 2007 Dawn March. From left to right, the flags of New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Australia.

History

Anzac Day marks the anniversary of the first campaign that led to major casualties for Australian and New Zealand forces during the First World War. The acronym ANZAC stands for Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, whose soldiers were known as Anzacs. Anzac Day remains one of the most important national occasions of both Australia and New Zealand;[5][6] however, the ceremonies and their meanings have changed significantly since 1915. According to Martin Crotty, a historian at the University of Queensland, Anzac commemorations have "suited political purposes right from 1916 when the first Anzac Day march was held in London and Australia, which were very much around trying to get more people to sign up to the war in 1916–1918."[7]

Gallipoli campaign, 1915

In 1915, Australian and New Zealand soldiers formed part of an Allied expedition that set out to capture the Gallipoli Peninsula to open the way to the Black Sea for the Allied navies. The objective was to capture Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, which was an ally of Germany during the war. The ANZAC force landed at Gallipoli on 25 April, meeting fierce resistance from the Ottoman Army commanded by Mustafa Kemal (later known as Atatürk).[8] What had been planned as a bold strike to knock the Ottomans out of the war quickly became a stalemate, and the campaign dragged on for eight months. At the end of 1915, the Allied forces were evacuated after both sides had suffered heavy casualties and endured great hardships. The Allied deaths totalled over 56,000, including 8,709 from Australia and 2,721 from New Zealand.[9][10] News of the landing at Gallipoli made a profound impact on Australians and New Zealanders at home and 25 April quickly became the day on which they remembered the sacrifice of those who had died in the war.

Though the Gallipoli campaign failed to achieve its military objectives of capturing Constantinople and knocking the Ottoman Empire out of the war, the actions of the Australian and New Zealand troops during the campaign bequeathed an intangible but powerful legacy. The creation of what became known as an "Anzac legend" became an important part of the national identity in both countries. This has shaped the way their citizens have viewed both their past and their understanding of the present. The heroism of the soldiers in the failed Gallipoli campaign made their sacrifices iconic in New Zealand memory, and is often credited with securing the psychological independence of the nation.[11][12]

From 1915 to World War II

On 30 April 1915, when the first news of the landing reached New Zealand, a half-day holiday was declared and impromptu services were held.[13]

Adelaide, South Australia, was the site of Australia's first built memorial to the Gallipoli landing, unveiled by Governor-General Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson on "Wattle Day", 7 September 1915, just over four months after the first landings. The monument was originally the centrepiece of the Wattle Day League's Gallipoli Memorial Wattle Grove on Sir Lewis Cohen Avenue in the South Park Lands. The original native pines and remnant seedlings of the original wattles still grow in "Wattle Grove", but in 1940 the Adelaide City Council moved the monument and its surrounding pergola a short distance away to Lundie Gardens.[14] Also in South Australia, Eight Hour Day, 13 October 1915, was renamed "Anzac Day" and a carnival was organised to raise money for the Wounded Soldiers Fund.[15][16] The name "Anzac Day" was chosen through a competition, won by Robert Wheeler, a draper of Prospect.[17]

Melbourne observed an Anzac Remembrance Day on 17 December 1915.[17]

However, the first instance of what would soon become an annual national ritual of observance – Anzac Day – started in Queensland.[18] On 10 January 1916, Canon David John Garland was appointed the honorary secretary of the Anzac Day Commemoration Committee of Queensland (ADCCQ) at a public meeting which endorsed 25 April as the date to be promoted as "Anzac Day" in 1916 and ever after. Queensland Premier T.J. Ryan urged the other Australian states to enact a similar parade, and soon the date became a national day of reflection.[19] Devoted to the cause of a non-denominational commemoration that could be attended by the whole of Australian society, Garland worked amicably across all denominational divides, creating the framework for Anzac Day commemorative services.[20] Garland is specifically credited with initiating the Anzac Day march, the wreath-laying ceremonies at memorials and the special church services, the two minutes silence, and the luncheon for returned soldiers.[21] Garland intended the silence to be used in lieu of a prayer to allow the Anzac Day service to be universally attended, allowing attendees to make a silent prayer or remembrance in accordance with their own beliefs. He particularly feared that the universality of the ceremony would fall victim to religious sectarian disputes.[22] The State Library of Queensland holds the minutes from the Anzac Day Commemoration Committee of Queensland,[23] the collection has been digitised and available to view online.[24] In 2019, the collection was added to UNESCO's Memory of the World Australian Register.[25]

First Anzac Day parade in Sydney, along Macquarie Street, 25 April 1916

The date 25 April was officially named Anzac Day in 1916;[26] in that year, it was marked by a wide variety of ceremonies and services in Australia, New Zealand and London.[27] In New Zealand, it was gazetted as a half-day holiday. Over 2,000 people attended the service in Rotorua.[13] In London, over 2,000 Australian and New Zealand troops marched through the streets of the city.[28] An unnamed London newspaper reputedly dubbed them "The Knights of Gallipoli". Marches were held all over Australia; wounded soldiers from Gallipoli attended the Sydney march in convoys of cars, accompanied by nurses.[6]

In Egypt, General John Monash paraded the troops on Anzac Day 1916.[29]

For the remaining years of the war, Anzac Day was used as an occasion for patriotic rallies and recruiting campaigns, and marches of serving members of the AIF were held in most cities. From 1916 onwards, in both Australia and New Zealand, Anzac memorials were held on or about 25 April, mainly organised by returned servicemen and school children in cooperation with local authorities.[6] Early morning services were solemn, with a more upbeat tone set for honouring returned soldiers during afternoon activities.[7]

Australian troops did not return to great victory parades at the end of the war. This was partly because their arrival home depended on available shipping, but also because of the influenza epidemic of 1919, which prevented people assembling in large numbers. The 1919 Sydney parade was cancelled as a result, but a public commemorative service was held in the Domain, where participants were required to wear masks and stand three feet apart.[17]

Anzac Day was gazetted as a public holiday in New Zealand in 1920, through the Anzac Day Act, after lobbying by the New Zealand Returned Services' Association,[30] the RSA.[31]

Anzac Day at Manly, Queensland, 1922

In Australia at the 1921 State Premiers' Conference, it was decided that Anzac Day would be observed on 25 April each year.[32] However, it was not observed uniformly in all the states until 1922 when the States were invited to co-operate with the Commonwealth in observing the day, and an invitation was telegraphed to the various religious bodies suggesting that memorial services be held in the morning.[33] In the early 1920s returned soldiers mostly commemorated Anzac Day informally, primarily as a means of keeping in contact with each other. But as time passed and they inevitably began to drift apart, the ex-soldiers perceived a need for an institutionalised reunion.[17] During the late 1920s, Anzac Day became established as a National Day of Commemoration for the 60,000 Australians and 18,000 New Zealanders who died during the war. The first year in which all the Australian states observed some form of public holiday together on Anzac Day was 1927.[7] By the mid-1930s, all the rituals now associated with the day  dawn vigils, marches, memorial services, reunions, two-up games  became part of Australian Anzac Day culture.[6] New Zealand commemorations also adopted many of these rituals, with the dawn service being introduced from Australia in 1939.[31]

Changes after World War II

With the coming of the Second World War, Anzac Day became a day on which to commemorate the lives of Australians and New Zealanders which were lost in that war as well and in subsequent wars. The meaning of the day has been further broadened to include those killed in all the military operations in which the countries have been involved. Anzac Day was first commemorated at the Australian War Memorial in 1942, but, due to government orders preventing large public gatherings in case of Japanese air attack, it was a small affair and was neither a march nor a memorial service. Anzac Day has been annually commemorated at the Australian War Memorial ever since.[5][6] In New Zealand, Anzac Day saw a surge in popularity immediately after World War II.[34]

Popularity sinks

By the 1950s, many New Zealanders had become antagonistic or indifferent towards the day. Much of this was linked to the legal ban on commerce on Anzac Day, and the banning by many local authorities of sports events and other entertainment on the day. Annoyance was particularly pronounced in 1953 and 1959, when Anzac Day fell on a Saturday. There was widespread public debate on the issue, with some people calling for the public holiday to be moved to the nearest Sunday or abolished altogether. In 1966, a new Anzac Day Act was passed, allowing sport and entertainment in the afternoon.[34]

During and after Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War (1962–1975), interest in Anzac Day reached its lowest point in Australia. On 26 April 1975, The Australian newspaper covered the passing of Anzac Day in a single story.[35] In the 1960s and 1970s, anti-war protesters used Anzac Day events as a platform to voice opposition to conscription and Australia's military involvement in general;[36][37] in the following 20 years, the relevance of Australia's war connection with the British Empire was brought into question.[7] In 1967, two members of the left-wing Progressive Youth Movement in Christchurch staged a minor protest at the Anzac Day ceremony, laying a wreath protesting against the Vietnam War. They were subsequently convicted of disorderly conduct. In 1978, a women's group laid a wreath dedicated to all the women raped and killed during war, and movements for feminism, gay rights, and peace used the occasion to draw attention to their respective causes at various times during the 1980s.[38] In 1981, the group Women Against Rape in War marched up Anzac Parade towards the Australian War Memorial to lay their wreath at the Stone of Remembrance. At the head of the procession, women held a banner which read, 'In memory of all women of all countries raped in all wars'. More than 60 women were arrested by police. Following this time, there were calls for a new type of comradeship that did not discriminate based on sex or race.[7][39][40]

1990s–2010s: Revival

Royal Victoria Regiment marching through Melbourne on ANZAC Day 2008
Anzac Day at Darwin, 25 April 2013

However, since the late 1980s and especially the 1990s, interest in and attendance at Anzac Day has grown. On 25 April 1990, Bob Hawke became the first Australian politician to visit Gallipoli, and he also decided that government would pay to take Anzac veterans to Gallipoli for the 75th anniversary of the dawn landing. This is seen by historians as a major milestone in the recovery of Anzac Day.

Prime Minister John Howard was also a huge proponent of Anzac Day commemorations, and visited Gallipoli on 25 April in both 2000 and 2005.[7][41]

A large commemoration march in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales (April 2008)

An increasing number of attendees have been young Australians,[42][43] many of whom attend ceremonies swathed in Australian flags, wearing green and gold T-shirts and beanies and with Australian flag tattoos imprinted on their skin.[44][45][46][47] This phenomenon has been perceived by some as a reflection of the desire of younger generations of Australians to honour the sacrifices made by the previous generations.[48]

Hobart Cenotaph, Tasmania, Australia – with wreaths for ANZAC Day

Australians and New Zealanders recognise 25 April as a ceremonial occasion to reflect on the cost of war and to remember those who fought and died in war. Commemorative services and marches are held at dawn, the time of the original landing, mainly at war memorials in cities and towns across both nations and the sites of some of Australia and New Zealand's more-recognised battles and greatest losses, such as Villers-Bretonneux in France[49] and Gallipoli in Turkey.[50]

One of the traditions of Anzac Day is the "gunfire breakfast" (coffee with rum added) which occurs shortly after many dawn ceremonies, and recalls the "breakfast" taken by many soldiers before facing battle. Later in the day, ex-servicemen and ex-servicewomen meet and join in marches through the major cities and many smaller centres.[51]

In 2018, female veterans were encouraged to march at the front of their sections. The "By The Left" initiative was launched following a number of reported cases where servicewomen had been challenged that they were wearing their medals on the wrong side, as people should wear their own medals on the left side of their chest, but people marching in place of their parents or other ancestors should wear that person's medals on the right side.[52]

According to historian Carolyn Holbrook of Deakin University, "We reached Peak Anzac in 2015 sure, and there has been some backing off since then, but in terms of the dawn services and Anzac Day commemoration, it will remain huge for a good while yet," says Carolyn. "There is nothing better to take its place in terms of a national mythology."[7]

In recent years, there has been greater recognition of the often overlooked role that women, immigrants and Indigenous Australians played in the wars, in the news and in the arts. Black Diggers, which premiered at the Sydney Festival, told the stories of the Aboriginal men who enlisted, whose sacrifices were ignored, and who were quickly forgotten upon their return.[7][53] Country Arts SA's Aboriginal Diggers Project is a 3-year project (2017–2019) capturing the stories and experiences of Aboriginal servicemen and women who have served in Australia's Military from the Boer War to the present day through film, theatre and visual arts.[54][55]

2020–2022: COVID-19 pandemic

2020

In 2020, most Anzac Day marches in Australia and New Zealand were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[56] As a consequence of the cancellation of the service, two Army veterans, Bill Sowry and Terry James, suggested standing in front of the driveways to observe a minute of silence; and, at the same time, Justin Wilbur, the son of a Vietnam veteran, offered to light a candle as a tribute to the soldiers. He created a Facebook group "Aussies and Kiwis for ANZACS", and Ashleigh Leckie, a Navy veteran, combined their ideas and put forth what we now know as the "Driveway at Dawn" movement. This movement was later adopted by the RSL and RSA and was consequently renamed "Light up the Dawn" and "Stand at Dawn".[57][58]

In the United Kingdom, Kathy Lette presented a Zoom performance of The One Day of the Year with five actors performing from their homes.[59]

2021

In 2021 major state marches occurred although under pandemic restriction settings such as in Queensland and the Northern Territory, others with ticketing and/or restrictions on numbers marching and watching, such as the national event in Canberra, Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia and Tasmania. Overseas services were not be held.[60][61][62] Services did not happen in Perth as on 24 April Perth city and the Peel region entered a sudden 3 day COVID-19 lockdown and Anzac Day services in the affected areas were cancelled.[63]

2022

In 2022 dawn services returned in both Australia and in Gallipoli.[64] The end of pandemic restriction meant crowds returned to pre-pandemic levels in Queensland[65] New South Wales[66] South Australia,[67] Victoria, The ACT, Tasmania and the Northern Territory where Prime Minister Scott Morrison and Deputy Opposition Leader Richard Marles (representing Opposition Leader Anthony Albanese who was sick with COVID at the time) attended a dawn service.[68] Perth saw the return of the dawn service for the first time in three years albeit with only 500 attendees due to ongoing COVID restrictions.[69] Dawn services occurred in New Zealand but parades were cancelled due to the pandemic.[70]

Post-pandemic: 2023–present

30,000 attended the Canberra war memorial service in 2023, continuing a trend since 2015 of crowds declining.[71][72][73]

As a public holiday

ANZAC Day is a public holiday in Australia, New Zealand and Tonga (including in the dependencies of Christmas Island, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, the Cook Islands, Niue, Norfolk Island and Tokelau).[74]

Dawn service and commemoration in Australia

Dawn service

The wreath-laying at the 2008 dawn service at the Australian War Memorial at Hyde Park Corner, London

A dawn service was held on the Western Front by an Australian battalion on the first anniversary of the Gallipoli landing on 25 April 1916, and historians agree that in Australia dawn services spontaneously popped up around the country to commemorate the fallen at Gallipoli in the years after this. The timing of the dawn service is based on the time that the ANZAC forces started the landing on the Gallipoli peninsula, but also has origins in a combination of military, symbolic and religious traditions. Various stories name different towns as having the first ever service in Australia, including Albany, Western Australia, but no definite proof has been found to corroborate any of them. In Rockhampton, Queensland on 26 April 1916, over 600 people attended an interdenominational service that started at 6.30 am. However, the dawn service held at the Sydney Cenotaph in 1928 can lay claim to being the first of a continuous tradition.[75] The 1931 service at the Cenotaph was the first attended by the Governor and representatives of state and federal governments.[17]

Dawn services were originally very simple and in many cases they were restricted to veterans only, to remember and reflect among the comrades with whom they shared a special bond. Before dawn the gathered veterans would be ordered to "stand-to" and a lone bugler would play the "Last Post". Two minutes of silence would follow, concluded with the "Reveille". In more recent times the families of veterans and the general public have been encouraged to take part in dawn services. Some of the ceremonies have also become more elaborate, incorporating hymns, prayer readings, laying of wreaths, laments and the playing of the Australian national anthem, but others have retained the simple format of the dawn stand-to.[5][6][76] The fourth stanza of Laurence Binyon's poem "For the Fallen" (known as the "Ode of Remembrance", or simply as "the Ode") is often recited.[77]

Australian War Memorial Anzac Day dawn service, 25 April 2013. The crowd of around 35,000 people is addressed by Corporal Ben Roberts-Smith VC MG who is reading stories and anecdotes from Australian service men and women relating to the war in Afghanistan.

Commemorative services and traditions

Despite federation being proclaimed in Australia in 1901, it is argued that the "national identity" of Australia was largely forged during the violent conflict of World War I,[44][78] and the most iconic event in the war for most Australians was the landing at Gallipoli. Dr. Paul Skrebels of the University of South Australia has noted that Anzac Day has continued to grow in popularity;[79] even the threat of a terrorist attack at the Gallipoli site in 2004[80] did not deter some 15,000 Australians from making the pilgrimage to Turkey to commemorate the fallen ANZAC troops.[81]

The Last Post is played at an Anzac Day ceremony in Port Melbourne, Victoria, 25 April 2005. Ceremonies like this are held in virtually every suburb and town in Australia and New Zealand on Anzac Day each year.

In cities and towns nationwide, marches by veterans from all past wars, as well as current serving members of the Australian Defence Force and Reserves, allied veterans, Australian Defence Force Cadets and Australian Air League, members of Scouts Australia, Guides Australia, and other service groups take place. The Anzac Day March from each state capital is televised live with commentary.[82] These events are generally followed by social gatherings of veterans, hosted either in a public house or in an RSL club, often including a traditional Australian gambling game called two-up, which was an extremely popular pastime with ANZAC soldiers.[83] (In most Australian states and territories, gambling is forbidden outside of licensed venues; however, due to the significance of this tradition, two-up is legal only on Anzac Day.)[84]

A National Ceremony is held at the Australian War Memorial, starting at 10:30 am, with the traditional order of service including the Commemorative Address, wreath laying, hymns, the sounding of the Last Post, observance of one minute's silence, and the national anthems of Australia and New Zealand.[85] Families often place artificial red poppies beside the names of relatives on the Memorial's Roll of Honour. Sprigs of rosemary or laurel are often worn on lapels.[86][76]

Although commemoration events are always held on 25 April, most states and territories currently observe a substitute public holiday on the following Monday when Anzac Day falls on a Sunday. When Anzac Day falls on Easter Monday, such as in 2011, the Easter Monday holiday is transferred to Tuesday.[87] This followed a 2008 meeting of the Council for the Australian Federation in which the states and territories made an in-principle agreement to work towards making this a universal practice.[88] However, in 2009, the Legislative Council of Tasmania rejected a bill amendment that would have enabled the substitute holiday in that state.[89]

Commemorative postage stamps

Australia Post has issued stamps over the years to commemorate Anzac Day, the first being in 1935 for the 20th anniversary of the Gallipoli landings.

The list of issued stamps includes:

Australian rules football

During many wars, Australian rules football matches have been played overseas in places like northern Africa, Vietnam, and Iraq as a celebration of Australian culture and as a bonding exercise between soldiers.[96][97][98]

The modern-day tradition began in 1995 and is played every year between traditional AFL rivals Collingwood and Essendon at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. This annual match is often considered the biggest of the AFL season outside of the finals, sometimes drawing bigger crowds than all but the Grand Final,[99] and often selling out in advance. The inaugural match in 1995 drew a crowd of 94,825 people,[100][101][102] with the 2023 match drawing a crowd of 95,179, the second biggest home and away crowd in AFL history.[103] The Anzac Medal is awarded to the player in the match who best exemplifies the Anzac spirit – skill, courage, self-sacrifice, teamwork and fair play. As of 2021, Collingwood hold the advantage 15 wins to 9, with one draw (in the inaugural year, 1995). The match was not played in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2013, St Kilda and the Sydney Swans played an Anzac Day game in Wellington, New Zealand, the first AFL game played for premiership points outside of Australia.[104] The winning team, Sydney, were presented with the inaugural Simpson–Henderson Trophy by the Prime Minister of New Zealand. The trophy was named after two notable Anzac soldiers: John Simpson Kirkpatrick and Richard Alexander Henderson.[105]

Rugby League football

From 1997, the Anzac Test, a rugby league test match, has commemorated Anzac Day, though it is typically played prior to Anzac Day. The match is always played between the Australian and New Zealand national teams, and has drawn attendances of between 20,000 and 45,000 in the past. The final Anzac test occurred in 2017.[106]

Domestically, matches have been played on Anzac Day since 1927 (with occasional exceptions). Since 2002, the National Rugby League (NRL) has followed the lead of the Australian Football League, hosting a match between traditional rivals St. George Illawarra Dragons and the Sydney Roosters each year to commemorate Anzac Day in the ANZAC Day Cup, although these two sides had previously met on Anzac Day several times as early as the 1970s. Since 2009, an additional Anzac Day game has been played between the Melbourne Storm and New Zealand Warriors.

Commemoration in New Zealand

Each year on ANZAC Day in Te Awamutu, New Zealand the graves of War Veterans are decorated

New Zealand's Commemoration of Anzac Day[107] is similar. The number of New Zealanders attending Anzac Day events in New Zealand, and at Gallipoli, is increasing. For some, the day adds weight to the idea that war is futile.[108]

Dawn service in Wellington, New Zealand on the 100th anniversary of the landing at Gallipoli

Dawn Marches and other memorials nationwide are typically attended by the New Zealand Defence Force, the New Zealand Cadet Forces, members of the New Zealand Police, Fire and Emergency New Zealand, Order of St John Ambulance Service (Youth and Adult Volunteers) as well as Scouting New Zealand, GirlGuiding New Zealand and other uniformed community service groups including in most places the local Pipe Band to lead or accompany the March, and sometimes a Brass Band to accompany the hymns.

Anzac Day now promotes a sense of unity, perhaps more effectively than any other day on the national calendar. People whose politics, beliefs and aspirations are widely different can nevertheless share a genuine sorrow at the loss of so many lives in war.

Paper poppies are widely distributed by the Returned Services Association and worn as symbols of remembrance. This tradition follows that of the wearing of poppies on Remembrance Sunday in other Commonwealth countries.[109][110]

The day is a public holiday in New Zealand. Shops are prohibited from opening before 1 pm as per the Anzac Day Act 1966. A prior Act passed in 1949 prevented the holiday from being "Mondayised" (moved to the 26th or 27th should the 25th fall on a weekend),[111] although this drew criticism from trade unionists and Labour Party politicians.[112] In 2013, a member's bill introduced by Labour MP David Clark to Mondayise Anzac Day and Waitangi Day passed, despite opposition from the governing National Party.[113]

Commemoration at Gallipoli

North Beach looking toward Suvla in Anzac Cove in Turkey.
North Beach with "sphinx" rock in the background in Anzac Cove in Turkey.

In Turkey the name "ANZAC Cove" was officially recognised by the Turkish government on Anzac Day in 1985. In 1934, Kemal Atatürk delivered the following words to the first Australians, New Zealanders and British to visit the Gallipoli battlefields. This was later inscribed on a monolith at Ari Burnu Cemetery (ANZAC Beach) which was unveiled in 1985. The words also appear on the Kemal Atatürk Memorial, Canberra, and the Atatürk Memorial in Wellington:[114]

Those heroes that shed their blood
And lost their lives.
You are now lying in the soil of a friendly country.
Therefore rest in peace.
There is no difference between the Johnnies
And the Mehmets to us where they lie side by side
Here in this country of ours.
You, the mothers,
Who sent their sons from far away countries
Wipe away your tears,
Your sons are now lying in our bosom
And are in peace
After having lost their lives on this land they have
Become our sons as well.[115]

In 1990, to mark the 75th anniversary of the Gallipoli landing, Government officials from Australia and New Zealand (including Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke[116][117] and New Zealand Governor-General Paul Reeves[118]) as well as most of the last surviving Gallipoli veterans, and many Australian and New Zealand tourists travelled to Turkey for a special Dawn Service at Gallipoli. The Gallipoli Dawn Service was held at the Ari Burnu War Cemetery at Anzac Cove, but the growing numbers of people attending resulted in the construction of a more spacious site on North Beach, known as the "Anzac Commemorative Site" in time for the year 2000 service.[119]

A ballot was held to allocate passes for Australians and New Zealanders wishing to attend Anzac Day commemorations at Gallipoli in 2015. Of the 10,500 people who could be safely, securely and comfortably accommodated at the Anzac Commemorative Site, in 2015 this comprised places for 8,000 Australians, 2,000 New Zealanders and 500 official representatives of all nations involved in the Gallipoli campaign. Only those who received an offer of attendance passes attended the commemorations in 2015.[120]

Commemoration in other countries

The High Commissioners of Australia and New Zealand lay wreaths at an Anzac Day ceremony at the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa.
Anzac Day ceremony in Montreal, Quebec
Anzac Day dawn service at the New Zealand Memorial, Hyde Park Corner, London, 25 April 2008
Boys Brigade review on 25 April 2005 (Rarotonga)
Australian and New Zealand soldiers during an Anzac Day dawn service at Camp Taji in Iraq during 2018

Antarctica

Belgium

  • In Ypres, Belgium, a dawn service is held at the Buttes New British Cemetery in Zonnebeke; there is a 9:30 am service at the Tyne Cot Cemetery; a procession from the Ypres Cloth Hall to Menin Gate begins at 11:10 am and the Wreath-laying ceremony at the Belgian War Memorial takes place at 11:35 am. In addition, the nightly Last Post Ceremony takes place at the Menin Gate at 8 pm, when buglers from the Last Post Association sound this act of homage as they have every night since 1928.[122]
  • In Comines-Warneton, The Ploegsteert Toronto Avenue Cemetery Commemoration Service takes place at 4 pm.[122]

Brunei

  • In Muara, a pre-dawn service is held on 25 April at the Brunei-Australia Memorial as a remembrance of the servicemen and women of Australia and New Zealand. The commemoration is held on Muara Beach, the site where the Allied forces led by Australia's 9th Division landed in Brunei on 10 June 1945 as part of the campaign to liberate Borneo from the Japanese.[123]

Canada

Cyprus

Egypt

  • In Cairo, Egypt, Anzac Day is remembered by the expatriate New Zealand and Australian communities with a dawn ceremony held at the Cairo Commonwealth War Memorial Cemetery, Abu Seifen Street, Old Cairo. New Zealand and Australian Embassies rotate hosting the service.[132]

France

  • In the town of Villers-Bretonneux, the Australian Government holds an annual dawn service.[49] For decades, the commemoration was organised by French locals (on the next closest weekend to Anzac Day) until the Australian Government took over the organisation of an Anzac Day Dawn Service at the Australian National Memorial, Villers-Bretonneux. Historian Romain Fathi has explained that several factors contributed to this "commemorative take-over", such as the need to have an official service in France, a deteriorating relationship with Turkey in the mid-2000s that jeopardised access to Anzac Cove, and associating Anzac Day with "victory" on the Western Front, rather than "defeat" at Gallipoli.[133] Indeed, in the Australian narrative of Second Villers-Bretonneux, the town was re-taken on 25 April 1918, a symbolic anniversary. In fact, that operation was not finished until 27 April.[134]
  • The Town of Fromelles holds an annual service at Pheasant Wood Military Cemetery where a few hundred lost Australian soldiers were reburied after being discovered nearby. The ceremony is attended by representatives of the Australian Government and French Military. The Battle of Fromelles, an important battle for Australians, happened near the Town.
  • In France services are also held in the towns of Le Quesnoy and Longueval.[135] Since the 1990s, an Anzac Day service has also been held at Bullecourt, organised by local French authorities.
  • In French Polynesia, Anzac Day has been commemorated with an official ceremony held in Papeete since 2006.[136] The 2009 ceremony was attended by French Polynesia President Oscar Temaru, who praised the "courage and liberty" of Australian and New Zealand soldiers in a statement.[136]

Germany

  • In Germany, Anzac Day is commemorated in Berlin, at the Commonwealth Kriegsgräber, Charlottenburg. (Commonwealth War Graves).[137]

Greece

  • In the Greek capital of Athens, Anzac Day is commemorated at the Phaleron Allied War Cemetery.[138]
  • Since 1998, Anzac Day has also been commemorated in the island of Lemnos, which served as an Allied base of operations during the Gallipoli campaign, and where there are two Allied cemeteries, at Mudros Bay and at Portianou.[139]

Hong Kong

India

  • On 25 April 2019 a wreath-laying ceremony was held for the first time in the Commonwealth War Graves Cemetery, Kolkata. The Commonwealth War Graves Cemetery in Kolkata is housed inside the Bhawanipur Cemetery and houses over 700 war graves, including those of four Australian and two New Zealand soldiers, all of whom died in World War II. The ceremony was headed by Australian High Commissioner to India Harinder Sindhu and Australian Consul-General in Kolkata Andrew Ford. Also present were Australian and New Zealand cricketers and support staff, who were in the city for the Indian Premier League (IPL).[141]

Ireland

  • In Dublin, Anzac Day is remembered by the expatriate New Zealand and Australian communities. In the absence of an official World War I remembrance, and in honour of Irish soldiers who fought and perished in the Dardanelles and elsewhere, Anzac Day commemorations are also attended by members of veterans groups and historical societies, including the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, ONET, the Royal British Legion, and UN Veterans. Since the mid-1980s, an evening service has been organised by the New Zealand-Ireland Association,[142] which currently takes place in St Ann's Church, Dawson St, Dublin 2. For the 90th anniversary in 2005, a daylight service was held for the first time in the re-furbished Grangegorman Military Cemetery, Dublin 7. A Turkish Hazel tree, planted by the Ambassadors of Australia, New Zealand and Turkey, commemorates this occasion. It can be found to the south of the limestone Memorial Wall.[143] Since this date, a dawn service has been held at this location.[144][145]
  • At the Ballance House in County Antrim, the official New Zealand centre in Northern Ireland, an afternoon commemoration takes place.[146]

Israel

Italy

  • In Italy, a commemorative service is held at the Rome War Cemetery,[148] attended by high members of the military and Embassies from all the Commonwealth countries, USA, Italy, Turkey, etc.. The service is in English and Maori language. A catholic priest and a pastor are present, not a rabbi, even if graves in the cemetery are also of jewish soldiers. A Mass of Remembrance [149] is also held.

Malaysia

The Sandakan Memorial Park where the ANZAC Day is annually commemorated in the site of the former Sandakan Death Marches in Sabah, Malaysia.

The Australian Borneo Exhibition Group organises annual trips for ANZAC veterans and students to commemorate World War II in the states of Sabah and Sarawak.[150]

  • In Kuala Lumpur and Sandakan,[151] Anzac Day is a memorial day to honour the Australian, British, New Zealand and local soldiers who perished during the Second World War. A commemorative service will be held like Dawn Service and Gunfire Breakfast.
  • In Kota Kinabalu, a ceremony is held on 26 April at Jalan Tugu (Monument Street) to honour and remember the sacrifices of all freedom fighters including the contribution of Australia and New Zealand to the state of Sabah.[152]
  • In Kuching, a commemorative service was held at the World War II Heroes Graves Memorial in Jalan Taman Budaya (Culture Park Street) on 25 April.[153]
  • In Labuan, a commemorative service of Dawn and Twilight service are held on 25 April at the World War II Memorial, the final resting place of some 3,908 war heroes from Australia, Britain, New Zealand, India, Malaya along with those from Borneo and the Philippines who died during the occupation of British Borneo by the Japanese.[154]

Malta

  • Anzac Day has been commemorated in Malta since 1916. Since 1979 the service has been held at the Pietà Military Cemetery, as it contains the highest number of ANZAC war graves in Malta.[155]

Pacific Ocean island nations

Poland

Singapore

South Sudan

  • In South Sudan Australian Defence Force members and fellow peacekeepers serving with the United Nations Mission commemorated Anzac Day in 2018.[164]

Thailand

  • In Kanchanaburi, Thailand, a dawn service is held at Hellfire Pass, a rock cutting dug by allied Prisoners of War and Asian labourers for the Thai-Burma Railway. This cutting is where the greatest number of lives were lost during railway construction. The dawn service is followed by a "gunfire breakfast". At 10 am or 11 am a second ceremony is held at the main POW cemetery in the city of Kanchanaburi.[165] In addition to this, in 2018 the Australian Consulate-General held a dawn service in Phuket at 5.45 am at Phuket Yacht Club, Soi Phon Chalong.[166] The closest Saturday to Anzac Day also sees an Australian Rules football match between the Thailand Tigers AFL club and a team invited from neighbouring Asian countries. In 2018 The Thailand Tigers and the Vietnam Swans played their first ever Anzac Day home and away series over two weekends.[167]

Timor Leste

  • In the capital city Dili, in the Australian Army peace keeping base, a dawn service is held each ANZAC Day.

United Kingdom

  • In London a 5 am Dawn Service is held, alternating between the Australian War Memorial, and the more recently constructed New Zealand War Memorial, both of which are at Hyde Park Corner. The day is also marked by a 9 am Wreath Laying Ceremony and service at the Gallipoli Memorial in the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral[168] and an 11 am Wreath Laying Ceremony and Parade at The Cenotaph, Whitehall, both of which are attended by official representatives and veterans associations of Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and other countries. The Wreath Laying Ceremony at the Cenotaph is directly followed by a Service of Commemoration and Thanksgiving at Westminster Abbey.[169] The Dawn Service, ceremony at the Cenotaph and the Service of Commemoration and Thanksgiving are usually attended by a member of the Royal Family representing the monarch, and by the High Commissioners of Australia and New Zealand.[170] Anzac Day has been officially observed in London since 1916, when King George V and Queen Mary attended the first commemorative service at the Abbey.[171]
  • In Tetbury, Gloucestershire, England, a March is held on the nearest Sunday to Anzac Day. A march followed by a service is held in Leighterton Cemetery, which has several war graves of servicemen from Australia and New Zealand. Veterans and cadets from the local ATC squadron attend.[172]
  • In Oxford, Oxfordshire, England, an Anzac Day service is organised by the Oxford University Australia New Zealand Society. In 2015 the service was held at the University Church on 25 April, followed by dinner in Somerville College Hall.[173] Representatives of the Australian and New Zealand High Commissions attend and Australian, New Zealand, and Turkish students are all involved in the service.
  • A service of remembrance to commemorate Anzac Day and Gallipoli is held at the National Memorial Arboretum in Alrewas, Staffordshire. This commences with a service in the chapel followed by wreath laying at the Gallipoli memorial.[174]

United States

Commercialisation

From the beginning, there has been concern to protect the Anzac tradition from inappropriate use. In Australia, use of the word "Anzac" is regulated under the Protection of Word "Anzac" Act 1920.[180] The Protection of Word 'Anzac' Regulations 1921 state that: "no person may use the word 'Anzac', or any word resembling it, in connection with any trade, business, calling or profession or in connection with any entertainment or any lottery or art union or as the name or part of a name of any private residence, boat, vehicle of charitable or other institution, or other institution, or any building without the authority of the Minister for Veterans' Affairs". The maximum penalty is 12 months imprisonment, or $10,200 for a person and $51,000 for a corporation.[181]

Over recent years, some historians and commentators have raised concerns over what they see as the increasing commercialisation of Anzac Day. In 2015, historian Carolyn Holbrook stated that companies were seeking to associate themselves with Anzac Day as "Anzac is the most potent and popular brand going around in Australia today".[182] Questionable Anzac marketing campaigns included Woolworths' notorious 'Fresh in Our Memories' campaign in 2015, which provoked a strong public backlash. According to Holbrook, Anzac is more sacred than Easter or Christmas to many.[7] Historian Professor Joan Beaumont, researcher Jo Hawkins and historical commentator David Stephens have argued that the Federal Government has not been sufficiently enforcing regulations which limit the extent to which companies can refer to Anzac Day, or use the word "Anzac", in their marketing.[182][183] There has been widespread public opposition to the more blatant attempts to commercialise Anzac Day, which has led to some products being withdrawn from sale. Many of the products associated with the centenary of the Gallipoli landings were also commercial failures.[184]

A notable exception is the manufacture and sale of the Anzac biscuit, originally home made to published recipes from about 1920,[185] and for many decades manufactured commercially for retail sale in both Australia and New Zealand. Commercial manufacture and sale of the biscuits is explicitly exempted from restrictions on the use of the word "Anzac".[186]

Criticism of some commemorations

For decades, there have been concerns that the participation of young people in Anzac Day events has injected a carnival element into what is traditionally a solemn occasion. The change was highlighted by a rock concert-style performance at the 2005 Anzac Cove commemoration during which attendees drank and slept between headstones. After the event the site was left strewn with rubbish.[187][188][189] In 2013, historian Jonathan King said that "escalating commercial pressures threaten to turn the centenary [of the landing at Gallipoli] into a Big Day Out."[190]

Digital change has been the focus of recent concern. The centenary commemoration of Anzac and the First World War has coincided with the emergence of a mature internet and comprehensive use of social media. According to Tom Sear, a new era of 'digital commemoration' of Anzac Day has begun.[191] Anzac Day selfies, memes, virtual reality Anzac avatars, Facebook posts and Tweeting are part of a new participative, and immersive experience of the day. Digital media have "personalised" the experience of Anzac Day, focusing on "sharing" the activities online. In a time when the line between being "online" and "offline" is increasingly blurred, there has been a turn towards commemorative activities that seek to generate empathy and connection between contemporary audiences and historical subjects through digital media.[192] Leading news organisations such as the ABC[193] and News Corp[194] "live tweeted" and "Facebooked" the original Anzac landings in 2015. These online forums, and their capacity for personalised feedback, have disquieted some historians, who are concerned about the distance, solemnity and critical perspective of traditional Anzac Day commemorations being lost.[195][196] Equally others emphasise how, particularly young people, using these technologies of the present, play a role in connecting wider communities of Anzac Day commemorators.[197]

Criticism of Anzac Day

At its inception, Anzac Day faced criticism from the Australian labour movement, and in the country at large, there has been opposition to political exploitation of what was seen as a day of mourning.[198] One controversy occurred in 1960 with the publication of Alan Seymour's classic play, The One Day of the Year,[199] which dramatised the growing social divide in Australia and the questioning of old values. In the play, Anzac Day is critiqued by the central character, Hughie, as a day of drunken debauchery by returned soldiers and as a day when questions of what it means to be loyal to a nation or Empire must be raised. The play was scheduled to be performed at the inaugural Adelaide Festival of Arts, but after complaints from the Returned Services League, the governors of the Festival refused permission for this to occur.[200]

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, related to Australia's involvement in the Vietnam war and other issues, Anzac Day not only sank in popularity but was the focus for the expression of much dissent. (See § Popularity sinks)

Anzac Day has been criticised in recent years by a number of Australians and New Zealanders, as, for example, "a day that obscures the politics of war and discourages political dissent".[201][202] In October 2008, former Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating stated that he believes it is misguided for people to gather each year at Anzac Cove to commemorate the landing at Gallipoli, because it is "utter and complete nonsense" to suggest that the nation was "born again or even, redeemed there."[203] Kevin Rudd, the Australian Prime Minister at the time, rejected Keating's views, saying the Gallipoli campaign is "part of our national consciousness, it's part of our national psyche, it's part of our national identity, and I, for one, as Prime Minister of the country, am absolutely proud of it."[204]

Some critics have suggested that the revival in public interest in Anzac Day amongst the young results from the fact that younger Australians have not themselves experienced war.[205][206][207] Critics see the revival as part of a rise of unreflective nationalism in Australia which was particularly fostered by the then Australian Prime Minister John Howard.[208][209][210][211] Some historians believe Anzac Day events are now on the decline, although it is likely there will continue to be smaller dawn services and official events in the future. Martin Crotty thought that perhaps it was now a ritual for older, traditional Australians, with old values of mateship and loyalty and even as a "reaction against globalisation"; however, Carolyn Holbrook disagrees, arguing that young people are responsible for the resurgence, and among older people there is a big group of sceptics, Baby Boomers who were influenced by Vietnam War protests.[7]

Other criticisms have revolved around a perceived overzealousness in Australian attachment to the event, either from participants unaware of the loss or when the focus is at the expense of remembrance of the contribution of New Zealand.[190] In 2005, John Howard was criticised for shunning the New Zealand Anzac ceremony at Gallipoli,[212] preferring instead to spend his morning at a barbecue on the beach with Australian soldiers. In 2009, New Zealand historians noted that some Australian children were unaware that New Zealand was a part of ANZAC.[213] In 2012, a New Zealand journalist caused controversy following comments that Australian World War I soldiers were bludgers and thieves.[214]

See also

References

  1. "Rā o Ngā Hōia". Te Aka Māori Dictionary. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  2. "Rā Whakamahara ki ngā Hōia o Ahitereiria me Aotearoa – te Aka Māori Dictionary".
  3. "ANZAC Day". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  4. "Anzac Day Today". Anzac.govt.nz. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
  5. "The ANZAC Day tradition". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2008.
  6. Australian War Memorial. "The Anzac Day Tradition". Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  7. Khan, Joanna (24 April 2017). "The evolution of Anzac Day from 1915 until today". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  8. Broadbent, Harvey (2005). Gallipoli: The Fatal Shore. Camberwell, VIC: Viking/Penguin. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-670-04085-8.
  9. "ANZAC Day 2010 – The Gallipoli Campaign" (PDF). Australian Department of Veterans' Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2010.
  10. "Gallipoli Casualties by Country". NZ History. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 1 March 2016. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  11. Sharpe, Maureen (1981). "Anzac Day in New Zealand, 1916–1939". The New Zealand Journal of History. 15 (2): 97–114. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
  12. Harvey, Eveline (23 April 2008). "How the Herald reported the Gallipoli landings". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
  13. "The making of Anzac Day" Archived 5 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, New Zealand History online – Nga korero aipurangi o Aotearoa, History Group, Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
  14. "Dardanelles Memorial | Adelaidia". Adelaidia.sa.gov.au. 28 December 2013. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  15. "Anzac Day". The Register. 27 August 1915. p. 6. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017.
  16. "ANZAC Day". Adelaide Advertiser. 12 October 1915. p. 6. Archived from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  17. Radford, Neil (2014). "The beginnings of Anzac Day commemorations in Sydney". Archived from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  18. This Wikipedia article incorporates text from Anzac Day ritual (1 October 2022) by Kate Hall published by the State Library of Queensland under CC BY licence, accessed on 2 February 2023.
  19. This Wikipedia article incorporates text from Anzac Day ritual (1 October 2022) published by the State Library of Queensland under CC BY licence, accessed on 2 February 2023.
  20. "The "Architect" of Anzac Day". Canon Garland Memorial Society. Archived from the original on 1 March 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  21. Mansfield, Wendy M. Garland, David John (1864–1939). Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  22. perkinsy. "The Anzac Day Silence, Religion and Garland". Stumbling Through the Past. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  23. "Queensland's first Anzac Day | State Library Of Queensland". www.slq.qld.gov.au. 22 April 2016. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  24. "OMHA ANZAC Day Commemoration Committee Records 1916–1974". State Library of Queensland. Archived from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  25. "Anzac Day Commemoration Committee Minutes and Suggestions 1916–1922 | Australian Memory of the World". www.amw.org.au. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  26. Australian Army. "Anzac Day". Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  27. Glenday, James (24 April 2016). "Anzac Day: Did a London parade 'set the tone' for a century of celebrations?". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  28. "Australian and New Zealand soldiers marching to Westminster Abbey to commemorate the first Anzac Day, London, 25 April 1916". nla.gov.au. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015.
  29. The Hon. Dan Tehan, Minister for Veterans' Affairs. "Statement on Anzac Commemorations in Australia and Overseas". Archived from the original on 23 November 2018.
  30. "Remembrance – RSA History". RSA (Returned Soldiers' Association). Archived from the original on 8 March 2012.
  31. A sacred holiday – Anzac Day Archived 5 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, New Zealand History online – Nga korero aipurangi o Aotearoa, History Group, Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
  32. "The First Anzac Day in 1916". Foxtel History Channel. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  33. Parliament of Victoria. Scrutiny of Acts and Regulations Committee (October 2002). "ANZAC: Parliamentary review of Anzac Day laws" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  34. Helen Robinson, 'Lest we Forget? The Fading of New Zealand War Commemorations, 1946–1966', New Zealand Journal of History, 44, 1 (2010).
  35. The Anzac Spirit, The Australian, 25 April 2006 Archived 20 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  36. State Library of South Australia, "Commemoration" Archived 10 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  37. Alan Ryan, "The Australian Army and the Vietnam War in Retrospect" Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Australian Department of Defence
  38. Modern Anzac Day Archived 5 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, New Zealand History online – Nga korero aipurangi o Aotearoa, History Group, Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
  39. Shane Cahill, "Don't mention the anti-war feeling", The University of Melbourne Voice Vol. 3, No. 1, 14 April – 12 May 2008 Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  40. Ruby Murray, The false nationalism of Anzac Day and football Archived 13 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Eureka Street, 24 April 2009
  41. DB Waterson, Anzac Day: Australia's National Day, ABC News Online Archived 27 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  42. Anne-Marie Hede and John Hall, "Anzac Day and Australian nationalism: assessing the marketing lifecycle of this cultural phenomenon", Deakin University: www.deakin.edu.au/research/stories/hede/anzac-vietnam.doc
  43. "Stay in Australia on Anzac Day: academic" Archived 9 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The Sydney Morning Herald, 21 April 2008.
  44. "Thousands mark Anzac Day at Gallipoli" Archived 14 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The Sydney Morning Herald, 25 April 2007
  45. "Thousands honour Anzac Day at Gallipoli" Archived 16 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, The Sydney Morning Herald, 25 April 2007.
  46. Charles Miranda, "Embracing our Anzac history" Archived 29 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Herald Sun, 26 April 2008.
  47. Ben Knight, Breaking through our Gallipoli 'myth', ABC News, 2 November 2008 Archived 23 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  48. "Anzac Day". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009.
  49. "Anzac Day Services in France". Australian Government Department of Veterans' Affairs. 5 July 2013. Archived from the original on 11 February 2014.
  50. "Anzac Day Services Gallipoli, Turkey – 2014". Australian Government Department of Veterans' Affairs. 20 June 2013. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014.
  51. Miller, Jack (2010). Kingdom Collision: The Movement of God's Spirit in a Time of War. CrossBooks. p. 69. ISBN 978-1462700363.
  52. Slessor, Camron (25 April 2018). "Anzac Day: From Iraq to Australia, servicewomen to march as one". ABC News. Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  53. "Black Diggers, by Tom Wright". Australianplays.org. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  54. "Aboriginal Diggers". Country Arts SA. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  55. Leaders mark Anzac Day 2020 at War Memorial as Australians pay respects from home amid coronavirus lockdown Archived 25 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine ABC News 25 April 2020
  56. Coronavirus forces cancellation of Anzac Day services in Victoria, NSW, Tasmania, Queensland and Western Australia Archived 16 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine ABC News 16 March 2020
  57. Anzac Day in lockdown: Jacinda Ardern, Clarke Gayford stand in Premier House driveway for virtual dawn ceremony Archived 24 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine The New Zealand Herald 25 April 2020
  58. Anzac Day: Prime Minister opens national dawn service as Australians remember from driveways Archived 25 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine Nine News 25 April 2020
  59. "Anzac Day Saturday 25 April 2020 – The Gallipoli Association". Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  60. Staff. "Sydney's Anzac Day march to go ahead with 10,000 people". www.9news.com.au. Nine Digital Pty Ltd. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  61. Merigan, Tahlia (14 April 2021). "How to commemorate this ANZAC Day". Have a Go News. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  62. Wall, Anna (27 March 2021). "2021 Anzac Day ceremonies: Here's the rules for each state and territory". startsat60.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  63. Perpitch, Nicolas (23 April 2021). "Perth plunged into three-day lockdown, Anzac Day services cancelled". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  64. "Anzac Day commemorations return to Gallipoli after two years". www.9news.com.au. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  65. "Lone digger does solo Anzac Day dawn march in Brisbane as Queenslanders flock to services". ABC News. 25 April 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  66. "Large crowds turn out to mark Anzac Day across Sydney". the Guardian. Australian Associated Press. 25 April 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  67. "Six COVID-19 deaths and 3,175 new cases reported in SA". ABC News. 25 April 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  68. "Crowds return to Anzac Day ceremonies and marches across Australia". ABC News. 24 April 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  69. "Anzac commemoration returns to Kings Park as families embrace driveway dawn services". ABC News. 25 April 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  70. "New Zealand commemorates Anzac Day 2022". 1 News. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  71. "'Both historic and tragic': Dual nature of Anzac Day highlighted at services and marches across the country". ABC News. 24 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  72. "Australians and New Zealanders recall war dead on Anzac Day". AP News. 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  73. Mandarin, The (22 April 2021). "Anzac Day dawn services plummet 70% over recent years". The Mandarin. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  74. "Upcoming Holidays in next 30 days".
  75. "Fact file: The origins of the Anzac dawn service". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 24 April 2015. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  76. Australian Government, Dept of Defence. "Anzac Day handy hints". Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  77. McLoughlin, Chris (24 April 2016). "Anzac Day: The Ode of Remembrance is taken from the Laurence Binyon poem For The Fallen". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  78. "Anzac Day remembered across the globe". ABC News Online. 25 April 2006. Archived from the original on 28 April 2006. Retrieved 10 May 2007.
  79. "A changing past: the contemporary Anzac tradition". University of South Australia. 21 April 2006. Archived from the original on 8 June 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2007.
  80. Cynthia Banham (12 April 2004). "Travel ban slapped on military amid fears of Gallipoli terrorist attack". The Sydney Morning Herald/AAP. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2007.
  81. "15,000 attend dawn service". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. 25 April 2004. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2007.
  82. "Program summary, Anzac Day March 2004". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  83. "Anzac Day traditions and rituals: a quick guide". Parliament of Australia. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  84. "Why is two-up only played on Anzac Day?". FindLaw. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  85. Australian War Memorial (22 November 2018). "National Ceremony". Archived from the original on 22 November 2018.
  86. "Rosemary". anzacday.org.au. Archived from the original on 23 March 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
  87. "Public Holidays". Australian Government. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  88. "Council for the Australian Federation Communique". 12 September 2008. Archived from the original on 22 April 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
  89. "Anzac Day holiday". Lisa Singh, MP Minister for Workplace Relations (Media Release). Tasmanian Government Communications Unit. 10 February 2010. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
  90. "Anzac Stamps". The Canberra Times. Vol. 9, no. 2344. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 19 March 1935. p. 2. Archived from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2019 via National Library of Australia.
  91. Walsh, G.P. "Kirkpatrick, John Simpson (1892–1915)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  92. Wright, Tony (19 April 2014). "The Anzac evolution". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  93. "Australia Post releases Anzac Day stamps". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 April 2008. Archived from the original on 25 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  94. "War Memorials: Honouring those who serve". Australia Post. 3 April 2018. Archived from the original on 25 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  95. "Australia Post features war memorials on latest stamp issue". Australia Post. 10 April 2018. Archived from the original on 25 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  96. Australian War Memorial H13624
  97. Australian War Memorial P00851.009
  98. Australian War Memorial MEB0068
  99. "Malthouse urges more history education". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. 24 April 2006. Archived from the original on 7 April 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2007.
  100. "AFL's Anzac clash sold out". ABC News Online. 11 April 2006. Archived from the original on 9 December 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2007.
  101. "A fighting spirit". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. 24 April 2006. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2007.
  102. "AFL Tables 1995". Australian Sporting Statistics. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
  103. Gabelich, Josh. "Comeback Pies salute in front of record Anzac Day crowd". Australian Football League. Australian Football League. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  104. "Saints hope for Wellington support". 3 News NZ. 22 April 2013. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014.
  105. "Special trophy for historic clash". saints.com.au. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  106. "Where the last ANZAC Test will be played". Sporting News. 12 February 2017. Archived from the original on 25 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  107. "Anzac Day – a guide for New Zealanders". anzac.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 19 April 2005.
  108. The Significance of ANZAC Day Archived 27 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine, New Zealand Embassy, Tokyo. Retrieved 24 March 2009.
  109. Stephen Clarke (2012). "The Poppy". RSA (Returned Soldiers' Association). Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  110. Clarke, Stephen. "The History of Poppy Day". RSA.org.nz. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
  111. "Myths & Misconceptions – a guide to Anzac day for New Zealanders". Ministry of Culture and Heritage, NZ. Archived from the original on 7 April 2010. Retrieved 8 April 2010.
  112. Donnell, Hayden (22 April 2011). "Kiwis shortchanged this Easter weekend". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  113. "Extra public holidays voted in". 3 News NZ. 17 April 2013. Archived from the original on 25 December 2013.
  114. New Zealand Ministry for Heritage and Culture – Atatürk Memorial. Retrieved 11 November 2009
  115. Australian Government War Memorial Encyclopaedia – Ataturk Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11 November 2009
  116. Archived 9 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  117. McKenna, Mark. "Our National Day". newmatilda.com. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  118. Modern Anzac Day Archived 5 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Updated 5 April 2011.
  119. "The Anzac Commemorative site, just beyond the foreshore at North Beach". Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  120. "Welcome to the Gallipoli 2015 website". gallipoli2015.dva.gov.au. Archived from the original on 15 August 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  121. "Anzac service in Antarctica". 3 News. 25 April 2015. Archived from the original on 19 July 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  122. "Anzac Day". Visit Flanders. Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  123. James Kon (26 April 2017). "Over 100 gather for Anzac Day service". Borneo Bulletin. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  124. "British Empire: Page 6 – Dominion of Newfoundland". New Zealand History. Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  125. "Anzac Day Memorial Services in Canada in 2017". New Zealand Foreign Affairs and Trade. 11 April 2017. Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  126. "Anzac Day". Down Under Club of Winnipeg. Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  127. "Anzac Day Ceremonies Overseas 2007". Department of Veteran' Affairs. Archived from the original on 4 September 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2007.
  128. Graney, Emma. "Fallen soldiers remembered in Edmonton Anzac Day ceremony". Edmonton Journal. Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  129. "Anzac Day Ceremonies in Canada 2015". New Zealand High Commission Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Archived from the original on 24 April 2015.
  130. "The HMCS Alberni Museum And Memorial – Our History". Archived from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  131. Hajiloizis, Mario. "UNFICYP commemorates Anzac Day with dawn service in Nicosia". SigmaLive. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  132. "ANZAC Day in Egypt". Onthego. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  133. Fathi, Romain (2019). Our Corner of the Somme. Australia at Villers-Bretonneux. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 144–148. ISBN 9781108471497. Archived from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  134. Fathi, Romain (2017). "'They Attack Villers-Bretonneux and block the road to Amiens'. A French perspective on Second Villers-Bretonneux" In New Directions in War and History, Tristan Moss and Thomas Richardson (eds). Newport: Big Sky Publishing. p. 53. Archived from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  135. "New Zealand/France Bilateral Relations " War Commemorations". NZ Embassy, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2007.
  136. "Anzac Day commemoration in Tahiti". Tahitipresse. 24 April 2009. Retrieved 24 April 2009.
  137. "New Zealand/Germany Bilateral Relations – War Commemorations". NZ Embassy, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
  138. "ANZAC DAY: Πραγματοποιήθηκε η τελετή μνήμης στο Συμμαχικό Νεκροταφείο Αλίμου" (in Greek). Alimos Online. 25 April 2018.
  139. "Λήμνος: Στα Συμμαχικά νεκροταφεία του ANZAC στη Λήμνο τιμούν την εθνική επέτειο Αυστραλίας και Νέα Ζηλανδίας" (in Greek). Real.gr. 25 April 2022.
  140. ANZAC Day Archived 6 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine – Australian Consulate-General, Hong Kong. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
  141. Mitra, Debraj (26 April 2019). "Tribute and wreaths for World War soldiers". The Telegraph. No. Kolkata. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  142. "Welcome to the New Zealand Ireland Association". newzealand.ie. Archived from the original on 4 April 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
  143. "Grangegorman Military Cemetery Conservation Management Plan 2015–2020" (PDF). Office of Public Works. p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  144. "ANZAC Day Services 2017 – UK and Ireland". Kea. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  145. McGreevy, Ronan (25 April 2015). "Hundreds attend Anzac service in Dublin to remember Gallipoli dead". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  146. "Anzac Day Commemoration Service 2017". The Ballance House. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  147. Cashman, Greer Fay (25 April 2017). "ANZAC Day Commemoration held on Mount Scopus". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  148. CWGC. "ANZAC Day 2023 marked at CWGC cemeteries & memorials worldwide". CWGC. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  149. "Anzac Day in Rome". Catholic Outlook. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  150. Geryl Ogilvy (26 April 2017). "A peek into our history". The Star. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  151. "2014 ANZAC Day Commemorative Service – Kuala Lumpur and Sandakan, Sabah" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2014.
  152. "Simple But Meaningful Ceremony For Anzac Day in Kota Kinabalu". Bernama. Malaysian Digest. 26 April 2017. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  153. Patricia Hului (30 April 2016). "50 years since the end of Sarawak's 'secret' war". The Borneo Post Seeds. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  154. "Dawn and twilight services held in Labuan World War II Memorial". Labuan Times. 25 April 2017. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  155. "ANZAC in Malta". Australian High Commission, Malta. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  156. Qpp Studio Retrieved on 25 April 2014
  157. Air New Zealand International, Samoa to commemorate ANZAC day without a public holiday, 25 April 2008 Archived 14 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  158. Bradley, Phillip (2013). Hell's Battlefield: To Kokoda and Beyond (Second ed.). Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen and Unwin. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-74331-755-6.
  159. "Beheaded Kiwi's Memorial". The Timaru Herald. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  160. Source: Australian National Archives; Report on Japanese atrocities at Tarawa, Gilbert and Ellice Islands (execution of European prisoners at Betio, Tarawa on or about 15 October 1942), compiled by Major DCI Wernham, District Officer, Gilbert Islands, supplied to Australian government by High Commissioner for the Western Pacific, February 1944.
  161. "Anzac Day – Warsaw". New Zealand Foreign Affairs and Trade Ministry. New Zealand Foreign Affairs and Trade Ministry. 7 April 2016. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2016. To commemorate the 101st anniversary of the landing, the Embassies of New Zealand and Australia, with support from the Warsaw Garrison, will be holding a Service of Remembrance at 1145 hours … on Monday 25 April 2015 at the Tomb of Unknown Soldier, Pl. Piłsudskiego in Warsaw.
  162. "Singapore: Anzac Day Dawn Service". Advance. 25 April 2017. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
  163. Wong Heng (2002). "Kranji Memorials". National Library Board. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
  164. "Anzac Day in South Sudan (video)". Australian Govt. Dept of Defence. Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  165. Australian Govt. Dept of Veterans' Affairs. "Anzac Day in Thailand". Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  166. New Zealand. Foreign Affairs & Trade. "ANZAC Day in Thailand 2018". Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  167. "Anzac Day Action within AFL Asia". AFL Asia. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  168. "Events – 2015". Gallipoli Association. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  169. Time in New Zealand: 11:39 pm, 17 Feb. "Anzac Day 2015 – London | Anzac Day | Living in the United Kingdom | New Zealanders overseas | United Kingdom". NZEmbassy.com. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  170. New Zealand Times – 26 April 2012 – Anzac Day Dawn Service in London a Royal affair Archived 9 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  171. Westminster Abbey – Worship – Sermons – Sermon given at a Service of Commemoration and Thanksgiving to mark Anzac Day: 25th April 2010 Archived 24 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  172. "Anzac Day Service & Parade – Leighterton, Nr Tetbury" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  173. "ANZAC Day Centenary Service and Dinner – Oxford University Australia New Zealand Society". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  174. "National Memorial Arboretum service to mark Anzac Day". Lichfield Live. 21 April 2016. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  175. "ANZAC Day Commemorative Service Los Angeles". Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  176. "Estimates of Australian Citizens Living Overseas as at December 2001" (PDF). Southern Cross Group (DFAT data). 14 February 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
  177. American Australian Association. "Newsletter, update April 2015: ANZAC Day events across the United States". Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  178. "ANZAC Day Service New York". Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  179. Martin, Sarah. "Aviators honor fallen Soldiers on ANZAC Day". US Army Aviation Center of Excellence and Fort Rucker. Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  180. "Protection of Word 'Anzac' Act 1920". Federal Register of Legislation. Australian Government. Archived from the original on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  181. Department of Veterans Affairs, Australian Government. "Protecting the word Anzac". Archived from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  182. Duffy, Connor (16 April 2015). "'Brandzac Day': Historian criticises 'new low in the commercialisation of Anzac'". 7:30 Report. Archived from the original on 8 May 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  183. Stark, Jill (18 April 2015). "Defining the Anzac spirit: celebration or commodification?". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  184. Holbrook, Carolyn (25 April 2017). "How Anzac Day came to occupy a sacred place in Australians' hearts". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  185. "Anzac biscuits: History of a culinary icon". Newshub. Newshub – newshub.co.nz. 20 April 2015. Archived from the original on 9 May 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  186. "Protecting the word Anzac". Australian Government – Department of Veteran Affairs. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  187. Yuko Narushima, Call for a cap on Gallipoli crowds, The Sydney Morning Herald, 25 April 2006 Archived 7 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  188. Andra Jackson and Doug Conway, RSL chiefs dismayed by Gallipoli rubbish, The Age, 27 April 2005 Archived 22 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  189. Ben Haywood, ANZAC Day Archived 19 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine, The Age, 2 May 2005.
  190. King, Jonathan (20 April 2013). "It's Anzac Day – not the Big Day Out". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 22 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  191. Sear, Tom. "'Dawn Servers: Anzac Day 2015 and Hyperconnective Commemoration', in West B (ed.), War Memory and Commemoration". unsworks.unsw.edu.au. Routledge. pp. 67–88. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  192. UNSW Canberra, First World War Facebook centenary animations in France and Australia, archived from the original on 22 July 2019, retrieved 30 December 2018
  193. "Launch of @ABCNews1915". About the ABC. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  194. "AnzacLive". www.anzaclive.com.au. Archived from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  195. Lake, Marilyn (2010). What's wrong with ANZAC?: the militarisation of Australian history. p. 4. ISBN 9781459604957. OCLC 912368259.
  196. McKenna, Mark (2013), "The history anxiety", The Cambridge History of Australia, Cambridge University Press, pp. 561–580, doi:10.1017/cho9781107445758.055, ISBN 9781107445758
  197. Sear, Tom. "'Uncanny Valleys and Anzac Avatars: Scaling a Postdigital Gallipoli', in Frances R; Scates B (ed.), Beyond Gallipoli: New Perspectives on ANZAC, Monash University Press". unsworks.unsw.edu.au. pp. 55–82. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  198. Kirk, Neville (November 2006). "'Australians for Australia': The Right, the Labor Party and Contested Loyalties to Nation and Empire in Australia, 1917 to the Early 1930s". Labour History (91): 95–111. doi:10.2307/27516154. JSTOR 27516154.
  199. "The One Day of the Year, STC". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012.
  200. Gallipoli's Shadows, The Age, 25 April 2003 Archived 2 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  201. "Patriot Act". The Australian. 6 June 2007. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
  202. An Alternative ANZAC Day commemoration Archived 20 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Peace Movement Aotearoa. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
  203. Antonette Collins, "Anzac Gallipoli gatherings misguided, Keating says", ABC news, 30 October 2008 Archived 2 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  204. Shanahan, Dennis (1 November 2008). "Kevin Rudd rejects Paul Keating's view on Gallipoli". The Australian. Archived from the original on 18 December 2008.
  205. "Gallipoli – remembering and learning". The University of Melbourne Voice Vol. 3, No. 1. University of Melbourne. 14 April – 12 May 2008. Archived from the original on 8 July 2008.
  206. Brunero, Tim (23 April 2008). "Anzac Day is not for kids". livenews.com.au. Archived from the original on 24 April 2008.
  207. Liz Porter, Cry Anzac and let slip the metaphors of war Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, The Age, 19 April 2009.
  208. Andrew Ball, What the Anzac Revival means, The Age, 14 April 2004 Archived 2 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  209. Tony Smith, Conscripting the Anzac myth to silence dissent Archived 17 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Australian Review of Public Affairs, 11 September 2006. Retrieved 5 April 20095.
  210. Nick Bryant, The revitalisation of Anzac Day Archived 28 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 24 April 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
  211. Matt McDonald, 'Lest We Forget': Invoking the Anzac myth and the memory of sacrifice in Australian military intervention, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association's 50th Annual Convention "Exploring the Past, Anticipating the Future", New York City, 15 February 2009.
  212. "Australian PM snubs NZ at Gallipoli". The New Zealand Herald. 24 April 2005. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  213. "Aussies forget the NZ in ANZAC" Archived 25 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine, AAP.com.au
  214. "Anzac spirit has taken a knock" Archived 25 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine, AAP
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.